The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller †Linda Free Essays

Ms. Woods ENG 252 Sec 400 October 29, 2012 Linda – A Pillar of Strength and Balance In the Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller My question for discussion is what I think of Linda, the wife of Willie Lohman in the play â€Å"The Death of a Salesman†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller – Linda or any similar topic only for you Order Now This is my response. I feel that Linda is the strongest character in the play. Everyone around her has major issues, her sons and her husband. Even in the reflections of the past her brother-in-law had his issues – greed being one of them. She represents stability, goodness and balance in this story. She can be looked at as the foundation of this family, like most strong women. This story takes place in the 1940’s when the environment or way of living was the woman stayed home and tended to the family and the husband was the provider. And we also have a male dominated, sort of male chauvinist society at that time. So being that the man was the provider, a man had a sense of being the King of his home. Because of this general idea, it reduced the importance or view of women and their roles. Meaning a woman’s role was less than important because the man was King. Therefore, we see the questionable, forceful and harsh tones that Willie uses sometimes when speaking to Linda which can be interpreted or misinterpreted in different ways. And when this happens we see Linda back down or just close her mouth. But it also should be noted that Willie is losing everything around him, at home he feels that is the only place he can control what is going on. Then we see Willie’s dementia coming to a serious level of illness. This is not mentioned in the story but we see something wrong with Willie’s mental state. By the evidence given in the story, we can conclude many things – guilt, dementia, pressure and stress or just getting old and not wanting to face it. We are not given a reason for this deteriation. But it is evident by the reflections Willie has and how he is stuck in the past and/or stuck in a fantasy that something very deep is going on. This story is very male dominated with the symbolic theme of women are just extra’s. We hear this thru Willy Jr and Biff. They don’t seem to respect women either. Thru out the story no one seems to listen to her, her sons and neither Willie her husband. Linda is a faithful wife, playing her role. She stands and supports her husband. You never hear her say a bad word about her husband other than him being sick. She knows what’s wrong but I don’t think she knows how to handle it. At a time when medically no one really knew about mental illness, I think she viewed it as stress driven. Willis has been reduced at his job, he doesn’t want to face he’s getting old and his sons not being productive are just a few issues that contribute to the unrest in this household. She tries to explain to her sons what is going on but the fact that Willie probably was traveling salesmen for a long time and has been away so much that he has no real relationship with his son’s. Therefore they feel no pity for him, especially Willy Jr. who lost faith in his father a long time ago. So part of them being worthless and non productive can be contributed to not having their father around while they were growing up. So they do not have any attachment to him or what is going on with him nor does Willie Jr. care because of what he discovered when his father was having an affair. They only have attachment to their mother, Linda. She loves her boys regardless and her husband but she feels her duty first is to her husband. We also conclude that Linda does not know about the affair Willie had nor does she know that Willy Jr. knew about it. All she knows is the relationship between big Willie and junior Willy has been severely altered. Clinging to the suspicion that Willie (husband) is suffering from mental deterioration she wants to do whatever it takes to let him just grow old gracefully and peacefully, even if it means turning her back on her children. This is not to be taken as rejection or meanness because they are grown and are not contributing anything positive to the situation or conditions that are evolving. That is evident when they leave Willie in the bathroom at the restaurant and he suffers a severe breakdown and they don’t even come back to check on him. I feel that when she unloaded on her sons and voiced all the truths that were said is her finally being fed up with all the confusion going on around her. She is fighting to stay strong, guide and stay dedicated to her husband while moving all negatives out of the way. That is a sign of strength and dedication. This is symbolic of how she is truly the foundation and the balance of this family. Willie is losing control of everything, his job, his mind, his finance, his pride, his youth, etc. and Linda sees all of this. Thus his harsh treatment of her I do not feel is meant to hurt her. Remember a woman’s value in this era is reduced so she has no voice, no say and she abides by that. But in today’s time we would consider that disrespectful. I am considering the era of this story. But Linda stays strong and is always positive. Willie does realize he loves his wife and she loves him because at the end before he leaves to commit suicide he sends her to bed because he knows she would try to stop him from going out. And he knows she would do that out of love for him. Even though in his mind he sees this as a way of taking care of her and his sons. So in conclusion, the question remains do I believe that Linda was a dishrag? No I do not. Linda was the epitimy of a good wife, supportive, grounded, sacrificial and wise. She knew when to back down and when to be strong and speak out. She held Willie together as long as she could, until it was out of her hands. As she stated at his grave site, she truly did not understand how deep Willie’s issues really were. Thru all the symbolism of this story, good and bad (the sons), rich and poor (the environment and Willie’s associates), young and old (his reflections back to his younger days) Linda was the central figure in this story representing neutrality, balance and humbleness. How to cite The Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller – Linda, Essay examples

Business Opportunity Fundamental Principles †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Business Opportunity Fundamental Principles. Answer: Introduction The Corporations Act, 2001 (Cth) is a key piece of legislation which is applicable for all the companies in Australia. This act acts as a governing act for the companies in the nation, where each and every aspect of the functioning of the company is ruled by the act. So, from the naming requirement of the company, to its type, from its incorporation to winding up, all such and more provisions are provided under this act (Latimer, 2012). One of the key provisions of this act relates to the director duties covered under Part 2D.1. When the duties laid down under this section are contravened, a case is brought against the directors and they have to face relevant penalties for such breach (Cassidy, 2006). Hannon v Doyle [2011] NSWSC 10 is one of such cases where a breach of director duties was claimed, and these were established by the court, but as they were not claimed upon, no decision was made on these duty braches. This case revolved around the claims of minority oppression management and the resulting remedies from it (Wright, 2011). This report covers a detail of the different aspects which surrounded this case to specifically highlight the duties breached in this case. In this case, David Hannon had applied for leave so as to initiate legal action on behalf of APH, i.e., Afro Pacific Holdings Pty Ltd and APC, i.e., Afro Pacific Capital Ltd, where APH held 88% shares, based on section 237 of the Corporations Act. As he had been a former director and the member of these companies, he made a claim pursuant to section 236(2)(a)(i) and section 236(2)(a)(ii) and left the court to decide upon whether the criteria covered under section 237 of this act was fulfilled. It was argued in the matter of serious question by Hannon that unsecured loans were made by APC to Doyle and Turner and some of these loans were interest free. He also claimed that the 15 million options which APC held in TFC, i.e., Transvaal Ferro Chrome Ltd had been alienated to the two companies which were owned by the two directors of APC, i.e., by Doyle and Turner, along with the options of the company being sold at a price which was below the market value. He also highlighted that Doyle a nd Turner were provided with excessive remuneration by APC (Wright, 2011). A noteworthy point raised by Hannon was that APC had lent some money to Africa Pacific Capital Pty Ltd, herein referred to as Pacific, which was a company formed and owned by Turner and Doyle. Further, Turner and Doyle made Pacific supply certain services to such companies which were the existing clients of APC, and where the services procurement was based. There had also been diversion or transfer of assets to Pacific, and these assets were such to which APC had been entitled. Lastly, Hannon highlighted that no dividend had been paid by APC even when there was amiability of profits, where the dividends could have been paid prudentially. And this gave rise to a claim to be made under section 232 of this act for the oppressive conduct of affairs (Wright, 2011). Duties Breached Under the Corporations Act, the directors of the company have been imparted with certain duties. One of the reasons for imparting these duties on directors is that the minority shareholders of the company are to be protected from oppressive conduct and where such is done, the remedies have to be awarded to the minority shareholders (Paolini, 2014). Under section 181 of this act, the directors have been given the duty to make use of their powers and to undertake their obligation for such a purpose which can be deemed as fair, which is not only undertaken in good faith but also for the best interest of the company (Australasian Legal Information Institute, 2017). A duty has been placed on the directors through section 182 for to not using their position of the company for their own, or for someone elses benefits, particularly when a detriment is caused to the company (WIPO, 2015). In case the provisions covered under these sections are contravened, a civil penalty is applied on the breaching party which is covered under section 1317E of the Corporations Act (Federal Register of Legislation, 2017). Based on this section, the court can make a declaration of contravention and this further gives the option to ASIC to either seek pecuniary penalties based on section 1317G or apply for disqualification order based on section 206C. Based on the duty covered under section 181, is the duty to work in the interest of the different stakeholders of the company (ICNL, 2017). The directors duty is enhanced when it comes to minority shareholders as these shareholders do not hold the ability of influencing the company affairs due to their minority status. So, the directors need to take special care of the shareholders and ensure that the decisions are taken in a manner which denotes the best interest of not only the company but also of its shareholders. Where a director fails in doing so, not only the statutory obligations are contravened, but also claim can be made against them pursuant to section 232 and 232 of this act (Easton, 2013). The claims of Hannon were made for granting leave to the member of company based on section 236(2)(a)(i) as per which he was satisfied that: Based on section 237(2)(a) of this act, it is a possibility that the proceedings would not be brought by the company; Based on section 237(2)(b) that the applicant had been acting in good faith; Based on section 237(2)(c) that it was in the companys best interest to grant the leave to the applicant; and Based on section 237(2)(d) that a serious question had to be tried (Wright, 2011). These points raised by Hannon showed that the directors of the company, i.e., Doyle and Taylor had breached their director duties by not working in the best interest of the company and taking advantage of their position in the company. This is evidence from Doyle and Turner were being overcompensated by the company for the financial year which ended on Feb 29th, 2008 by being paid $1,566,960 and $1,570,234 respectively as consulting fees, which was a sum higher than the reasonable fees in such situations management. Further, these sections were again breached when they benefited their own company, Pacific instead of APC and even caused detriment to APC for benefiting Pacific (Wright, 2011). The court also analysed the use of business opportunity of the director where the business opportunity of one company was taken by another company which had been formed by such director. This diversion was seen as a breach of the fiduciary duties which were owed by the company and also a breach of the statutory duties. However, as these breaches were not claimed by Hannon, a decision was not made on the contravention of these duties. Instead, the court stated that in the best interest of APH, a claim of breach of director duties should be brought against the directors of the company on behalf of Hannon (Wright, 2011). Decision of the Case Each of the issues which were raised by Hannon was separately considered by the judges in this case. With regards to the point raised for the loan, no contention had been made regarding the loans being made. It was noted by the judges that each of the loans was made to either the director or to the entity which was related to the directors. This was seen as a contravention of the fundamental principles as were stated under the case of Aberdeen Railway Co v Blaikie (1854) 1 Macq HL 461. In this case it had been stated that none of the agent of the company could enter into arrangements where a conflicting interest is present, particularly with the interests of such individuals who could be in conflict. This was necessary so that a contract cannot be claimed as being fair or unfair later on. And so, the judges were satisfied that the claims made under section 237(2)(c) and section 237(2)(d) had been rightly claimed (New South Wales Caselaw, 2011). When it came to the options claim regrading TFC, the same reasoning was applied by the judges. It was noted by the judges that it was of not relevant if the options were sold at a price which was lower than the market value based on the "no question is allowed to be raised as to the fairness or unfairness" of the particular contract. And so, the claims made based on the two sections were also satisfied. The court also addressed the claims regarding the overcompensation of Doyle and Turner and stated that indeed the consulting fees were higher than the reasonable fees. And on this basis, again the two subsections were satisfied (New South Wales Caselaw, 2011). In the matter of the last claim regarding the major claims in reference to Pacific, it was noted by the judges that a letterhead was deliberately designed adopted by Pacific which was deceivingly similar to that of APC and there were several misrepresentations made on their website which resulted in an impression being created that APC and Pacific were the same business. Further, Pacific had informed the bankers that the income was received by them from the sale of shares where these shares belong to APC and not to Pacific. Lastly, in this matter, the judges also noted that Pacific and APC operated as one and so they had to be considered as one. Hence, it was concluded by the judges that a serious question indeed had to be tried in this case (New South Wales Caselaw, 2011). It was held by the judges that a serious question was present in this case regarding the claim of oppression made by Hannon which was related to the non-payment of the dividend. However, it was held that the absence of the dividends could not be deemed as sufficient for fulfilling claims under section 232 and that these claims had to be assessed after considering all of the relevant circumstances. In the case at hand, there was a lack of dividends which "may properly be made part of the matrix" of the claims made under section 232, in addition to the particular claims regarding the breach of duty. In the end, it was held by the judges that in this case, section 237(2)(a) and section 237(2) (b) had been clearly fulfilled. And so, it was concluded by the judges that Hannon actually and honestly believed that a good cause of action was present due to the evidence which had been put forward by Hannon, along with the efforts which he had put into for pursing the claims which were made under this section and the findings with regards to the serious question being present. Lastly, they stated that all these claims made by Hannon were indeed in the best interest of the company (New South Wales Caselaw, 2011). Conclusion In the preceding sections, the case of Hannon v Doyle was discussed, which acts as a key example for a claim being raised by the member of the company on behalf of the company, when the company fails to do so itself, as a result of the directors being involved in activities which were not in the best interest of the company. This claim saw a leave appeal being made by Hannon where the judges took into consideration the presence of serious question so as to allow this claim. The claims raised by Hannon were allowed in this case due to the questionable loans made by the directors, the alienation of the share options to the companies of the directors, the provisions whereby excessive remuneration was being provided to the directors, the diversion of business of the company to another company which was owned by the directors and by being engaged in oppressive conduct, which satisfied the criteria laid down under the different sections of the Corporations Act. The director duties were bre ached in this case by Doyle and Taylor on several grounds but owing to the absence of a claim being raised in this regard, a claim of breach of directors duty could not be allowed by the court. References Australasian Legal Information Institute. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/ Cassidy, J. (2006). Concise Corporations Law (5th ed.). NSW: The Federation Press. Easton, M. (2013). Dont forget minority shareholders. [Retrieved from https://www.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/nsw/NSWSC/2009/342.html?context=1;query=Nassar%20v%20Innovative%20Precasters%20Group%20Pty%20Ltd Federal Register of Legislation. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2013C00605 ICNL. (2017). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.icnl.org/research/library/files/Australia/Corps2001Vol4WD02.pdf Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law 2012 (31st ed.). Sydney, NSW: CCH Australia Limited. New South Wales Caselaw. (2011). Hannon v Doyle [2011] NSWSC 10. Retrieved from: https://www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au/decision/54a634483004de94513d82c7 Paolini, A. (2014). Research Handbook on Directors Duties management. Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar. WIPO. (2015). Corporations Act 2001. Retrieved from: https://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=370817 Wright, G. (2011). 5.13 Granting of leave to bring derivative proceedings under section 237 of the Corporations Act. Retrieved from: https://www.glenwright.net/files/Granting%20of%20leave%20to%20bring%20proceedings%20under%20the%20Corporations%20Act%202001,%20section%20237.pdf

BV Report free essay sample

Bottega Veneta (BV) is an exclusive luxury brand established in 1966 in Vicenza, Italy, which is quite famous for its hand-made luxury goods (Kering Group website, 2013; Bottega Veneta website, 2013). Since the establishment, BV has always been focusing on its extremely high product quality using best materials, relying on Vicenza’s traditional craftsmanship, producing incredibly great products. Now Bottega is a global luxury brand providing a varied product chain including leather goods, which is the core product chain of Bottega, ready-to-wear, shoes, fragrance, furniture and has become the second most profitable brand among Kering Group’s (former PPR Group) luxury family (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on BV Report or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through hiding visible logo, BV has built up a brand reputation of â€Å" understated luxury†. Its iconic design, ‘intrecciato’, which is based on an extremely complicated leather waving technique, has become the signature of BV instead (Interbrand website, 2013). To reinforce its brand reputation and spread its brand philosophy, Bottega launched its slogan as ‘when your own initials are enough’ in 1970s to further emphasise that it is the clients themselves instead of the luxury brands make people differentiated (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012). Strength Support from Kering Group BV belongs to Kering Group, which is quite professional in running luxury brands. It has successfully been running some famous luxury brands in Britain, including Gucci, Alexander McQueen, Saint Laurent and so on (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012). With the sophisticated direction and sufficient financial support provided by Kering Group, BV has performed quite well in British market. Consistence of extremely high quality BV has been always concentrating in its amazing product quality. Highly relying on traditional craftsmanship in Vicenza, Bottega always consists on using best materials to maintain the consistence of incredible quality (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012). Unique brand position strategy BV is specially targeted to a niche market that quite a few affluent people are seeking for fantastic products and experiencing the fabulous feeling of enjoying an exclusive luxury lifestyle, instead of simply trying to use luxury brands to show their social status (Sanderson, 2013; Walker, 2013). Its brand reputation of understated luxury highly matches the needs of these people and therefore attracts a host of fans. Continuous product adjustment Bottega continuously adjusts and diversifies its products. It launched an eco-friendly product chain in 2012 and has attracted a number of environmentalist consumers (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012). Weakness Lack of recognisable logo Through hiding logos, Bottega has established an understated luxury reputation and attracted numbers of consumers. However, without a recognisable logo, it is relatively harder for BV to impress consumers and promote effective marketing communication. Its signature design, intrecciato, was initially highlighted in 2001 by BV’s latest creative director (Walker, 2013), Tomas Maier, and therefore is not iconic or recognisable enough as well. Intense competition Due to BV’s unique position strategy, there is no direct competitor also hiding logos or emphasising the importance of clients yet. However, price-related competitors are many, including other super-premium price brand (Moore and Birtwistle, 2005), such as Hermes, and relatively low price brand, such as Burberry and Prada. Rigorous requirement in craftsmanship Bottega has been highly relying on Vicenza’s traditional craftsmanship. It can take its artisans up to 15 years to learn to weave its leather products, such as Cabat series handbags (Sanderson, 2013). Although BV has created an artisan school in 2006 (Sanderson, 2013), the rigorous requirement in craftsmanship still restricts its speed of expansion. Opportunity Positive economic forecast According to the prediction of RBC, the euro-zone economy grew in the second quarter 2013, ending Europe’s longest economic recession since Second World War (Forelle, 2013). This will reinforce the confidence of investors globally and facilitate the domestic consumption of consumers in Europe. Furthermore, Ledbury Research (2013) predicted that the size of UK luxury market would double in the next five years, from ? 6. 6 billion in 2012 to ? 12. 2 billion in 2017, which indicated an optimistic outlook of all luxury brands operated in the UK, including Bottega. Effective and diversified distribution channel in Britain BV has established an effective distribution system in the UK, consisting of 2 directly operated stores in London, several boutiques in selective high-end shopping centres such as Selfridges, Harrods and Harvey Nichols (BV website, 2013). Besides physical stores, online store is also available in Britain. In addition, a new joint venture created by Kering Group and Yoox Group, which is a specialist in online retailing for leading fashion and design brands, will provide a better online shopping platform for BV (Kering Group Annual Report, 2012; Yoox Group Annual Report, 2012). Threat Lack of brand awareness in China According to Ledbury Research (2013), Chinese buyers are the third largest consumer group in British luxury market and therefore it is quite essential for each luxury brand fighting for this segment (China. org. cn website, 2013). However, compared with Louis Vuitton, Chanel and Gucci, which are the top three popular luxury brands among Chinese consumers (Bain POV, 2010), BV urgently needs to increase its brand awareness in China. Rising cost of raw materials Bottega has always been highly relying on leather materials, as leather goods are its core products. However, the cost of raw materials rises every year, especially some valuable furs such as crocodiles (Thomas, 2013). To maintain the consistency of BV’s incredible quality, seeking for finest materials in an acceptable price becomes even harder. Leather boycott by animal-protection organisations Leather boycott is a common problem facing by every leather goods producer. How to minimise its bad impacts is still a practical question for BV. Recommendation According to the SWOT analysis, we provide 3 main recommendations: Increase advertising expenditure Through increasing advertising expenditure, we strongly recommend BV to further highlight its signature, intrecciato, and maximum its brand awareness as its signature is still not iconic enough and especially among Chinese consumers, Bottega is a relatively unfamiliar brand. More targeted to Chinese buyers in Britain As Chinese consumers are the third largest luxury consumer group in the UK, we also recommend Bottega to provide more convenience to them, such as hiring Mandarin speakers in stores, launching more convenient payment facilities targeting Chinese buyers. Expand investment in eco-friendly products To reinforce its brand diversification and decrease the negative effect of leather boycott, Bottega should increase its investment in eco-friendly product chain and launch more varied eco-friendly products in the future. References

Literature and Performance Extended Essay Sample

Literature and Performance Extended Essay SampleLiterature and performance extended essay sample is an excellent way to get you going on the road to an exam. I have a fair idea of what to expect when you get to the front of the class and I have taken a long look at the syllabus, textbooks and all the research material available to me to help me prepare for the test, so I have a pretty good idea what to expect.So what can I expect out of an extended essay sample? I know that the whole point of an extended essay is to ask some really difficult questions in a way that will make the teacher giggle at you, and not just the teachers who administer the exam. I know that I need to give a very clear and concise analysis of what the test is asking me to do, so that I can better understand how to do it.Literature and performance extended essay sample should include a question that is based on a real life situation and ask you to provide some insight into that situation, or to write about a fict ional character. How about some scenario or a piece of fiction. It should make the test taker think a little, and I'd rather make my mind work than just do things by rote. An extended essay will force you to think about your answers and not just rely on a canned response, so that you can better understand why you have failed.The two things that I look for when I am looking for an extended essay example are that it has a large number of difficult questions, and also one of them is based on a real life situation. It is essential that the writing process is varied, because that is the only way that you will be forced to think. It's easy to write a paragraph that is very standard, but if you make it difficult to write your way through it, then you will find it very difficult to do so.What I have found to be so effective in my exam preparation is to make sure that I give myself at least one exam paper each month that has a significant amount of writing involved. This allows me to develop a feel for the topics that I am going to study and to improve my skills through this sort of writing practice. When you are trying to learn how to do an extended essay, you need to be able to take something and add some new depth and new information, so that you can expand your knowledge. By doing this, you will create an essay that is both useful and interesting, but one that is not just a quick 'what happened' story.To me, test papers must be unique, and not a rehash of something that you saw on an exam. You should try to make your essay stand out from the crowd, and to make it unique. The test itself will already be in your mind, so make sure that you write something that the teachers will actually pick up on and will remember. Write about a real world situation, or think about what you would like to do if you were a fictional character.Writing test papers and writing a proper essay is one of the best ways to prepare for exams. With the extra time that you spend doing this, you will be able to more fully understand the exam material, and will also be prepared to make better decisions during the test.

Every Year, Millions Of Animals Suffer And Die In Painful Essays

Every year, millions of animals suffer and die in painful tests to determine the safety of cosmetics. Substances such as eye shadow and soap are tested on rabbits, rats, guinea pigs, dogs, and other animals, despite the fact that the test results dont help prevent or treat human illness or injury. Cosmetics are not required to be tested on animals and since non-animal alternatives exist, its hard to understand why some companies still continue to conduct these tests. Cosmetic companies kill millions of animals every year to try to make a profit. According to the companies that perform these tests, they are done to establish the safety of a product and the ingredients. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) which regulates cosmetic products, does not require animal testing. Some of the tests used on animals are eye irritancy tests, acute toxicity tests, and skin irritancy tests. In eye irritancy tests, a liquid, flake, granule, or powdered substance is dropped into the eyes of a group of albino rabbits. The animals are often immobilized in stocks from which only their heads protrude. They usually receive no anesthesia during the tests. After placing the substance into the rabbits eyes, lab technicians record the damage to the eye tissue at specific intervals over an average period of 72 hours. The tests sometimes last seven to eighteen days. Reactions to the substances include swollen eyelids, ulceration, bleeding, swollen irises massive deterioration, and blindness. During the tests, rabbits eyelids are usually held open with clips, because of this, many animals try to break their necks as they try to escape. Acute toxicity tests, commonly called lethal dose or poisoning tests, determine the amount of a substance that will kill a percentage, even up to one-hundred percent, of a group of test animals. In these tests, a substance is forced by tube into the animals stomach or through holes cut in their throats. Experimenters observe the animals reactions which can include convulsions, labored breathing, malnutrition, skin eruptions, and bleeding from the eyes, nose, or mouth. The test was developed in 1927 and the testing continues until at least fifty percent of the animals die (usually takes 2-4 weeks). Like eye irritancy tests, lethal dose tests are unreliable and have too many variables to have a constant result. Skin irritancy tests are conducted on rabbits, guinea pigs and other animals. The process involves placing chemicals on the animals raw, shaved skin and covering the skin with adhesive plaster. The animals are immobilized in restraining devices to prevent them from struggling. Meanwhile, laboratory workers apply the chemicals which burn into the animals skin. Alternatives to cosmetic testing are less expensive and generally more reliable to perform. Animals have different biological systems than humans therefore the tests cant be as accurate as the current tests. Some alternatives include cell cultures, tissue cultures, corneas from eye banks, and sophisticated computer and mathematical models. Companies can also devise a formula using ingredients already proven safe by the Food and Drug Administration. Most cruelty-free companies use a combination of methods to ensure the safety of a product. Lobbying by animal welfare groups has resulted in federal, state, and local legislation severely restricting animal experimentation. For example, under the U.S. Animal welfare act, all animals used in biomedical research must be bought from vendors licensed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The USDA inspects laboratories where animals are used and enforces federal laws regarding treatment and care of the animals. Biomedical scientists have also taken action to prevent the abuse of the animals, mostly because abused animals may not provide reliable data. The American Physiological Society, the National Institutes of Health, and many other scientific organizations have joined to lay down guidelines for the use and treatment of experimental animals. Now, there are also many universities with animal welfare committees. In the United States survey by the American Medical Association, it was found that 75 percent of Americans are against using animals in cosmetic testing. Hundreds of companies have responded by switching to animal-friendly test methods. To help put an end to animal testing, people can stop buying products that were tested on animals. You can also call and write to these companies, or write to your congressional representative about the alternatives that can be used.

Free Essays on Outline The Life Ans Times Of Tutankhamun

Ancient History Essay: â€Å"Outline the life and times of Tutankhamun.† Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years ago during a period known as the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, which comprised the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth dynasties, was the imperial phase of Egyptian history. Egyptian Pharaohs acquired an empire which they had to maintain either by diplomacy or force. Tutankhamun or as he was first called Tutankhaten was born into a time of great change and upheaval. For two centuries Egypt had ruled as a world superpower, while it’s Royal family lived the opulent lifestyle. The powerful priesthood of Amun had controlled vast temples and estates. The eighteenth dynasty of Egypt had, until the reign of Akhenaten (Tutankhamun’s father), been a prosperous one. The pharaohs had been great warriors. They had added to their countries wealth, and added to Egypt’s territories, from which came valuable minerals and particularly gold. Akhenaten was the complete opposite of these early kings. He was not a warrior, he was a dreamer and philosopher more interested in theoretical theology and the arts, than in mastering the art of kingship. He brought great changes to a conservative land. He introduced the worship of the sun-disc, the Aten, as the official religion, removing the royal patronage from the god and priests of Amun. He moved the capital from Thebes and established a new capital two hundred and forty miles to the north, which he called Akhetaten â€Å"Horizon of the Aten†. He neglected to secure Egypt’s borders, and chaos broke out, vassal princes broke away and the economy fell into ruins. Thus at his death, he had the establishment, the priesthood and the people against him. It was against this background that Tutankhamun succeeded to the throne. Tutankhamun became a boy King at the age of about nine and secured his position by marrying his half sister Ankhesenpaaten, the third daughter of A... Free Essays on Outline The Life Ans Times Of Tutankhamun Free Essays on Outline The Life Ans Times Of Tutankhamun Ancient History Essay: â€Å"Outline the life and times of Tutankhamun.† Tutankhamun lived over 3,300 years ago during a period known as the New Kingdom. The New Kingdom, which comprised the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth dynasties, was the imperial phase of Egyptian history. Egyptian Pharaohs acquired an empire which they had to maintain either by diplomacy or force. Tutankhamun or as he was first called Tutankhaten was born into a time of great change and upheaval. For two centuries Egypt had ruled as a world superpower, while it’s Royal family lived the opulent lifestyle. The powerful priesthood of Amun had controlled vast temples and estates. The eighteenth dynasty of Egypt had, until the reign of Akhenaten (Tutankhamun’s father), been a prosperous one. The pharaohs had been great warriors. They had added to their countries wealth, and added to Egypt’s territories, from which came valuable minerals and particularly gold. Akhenaten was the complete opposite of these early kings. He was not a warrior, he was a dreamer and philosopher more interested in theoretical theology and the arts, than in mastering the art of kingship. He brought great changes to a conservative land. He introduced the worship of the sun-disc, the Aten, as the official religion, removing the royal patronage from the god and priests of Amun. He moved the capital from Thebes and established a new capital two hundred and forty miles to the north, which he called Akhetaten â€Å"Horizon of the Aten†. He neglected to secure Egypt’s borders, and chaos broke out, vassal princes broke away and the economy fell into ruins. Thus at his death, he had the establishment, the priesthood and the people against him. It was against this background that Tutankhamun succeeded to the throne. Tutankhamun became a boy King at the age of about nine and secured his position by marrying his half sister Ankhesenpaaten, the third daughter of A...

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability Essay

Discuss how the concept of affect can be integrated into a usability study - Essay Example isciplinary valuable meta-theory involving interactions involving feeling and cognition which has several useful implications for daily life, contemporary media, marketing, political affairs, psychology and sociology. Hence the concept of affect is a comprehensive psycho-somatic condition analogous to a particular goal-directed example of energy utilization. (Sobiesiak, Jones, and Lewis, 2008, 283) Affect can be small or long-term, weak or strong, sensible or insensible. The word usability was initially used nearly ten years ago in place of the expression â€Å"user friendly â€Å"that had obtained an undesirably indistinguishable and prejudiced implication. Usability is the evaluation of the eminence of an individual’s understanding while working with content or services. Following are the 3 different views explaining how usability can be evaluated: This paper describes a real-life example of integration of concept of affect and usability in new media i.e. autonomic system with strong ease-of-use characteristics. This system, the IBM DB2* Universal Database* (UDB) Version 8.1 autonomic computing system, employs a number of usability features combined with autonomic technologies to deliver an administrative interface unlike anything else in the industry. Autonomic computing is all about self-managing systems. It is amongst the best examples of integration of affect and usability in new media. At the core of the autonomic computing initiative is the concept that computers need to be more self-configuring, self-healing, self-optimizing, and self-protecting in order to reduce the overall complexity of a system. Autonomic computing is described as a "closed loop" system, which includes a "monitor-analyze-plan-and-execute" process in order to make decisions. (Smith, A. 2007, 378) From ease-of-use perspective, autonomic computing offers a leap forward in the following ways: Rarely does an IT component work "out of the box." As part of the installation process, there is