Media Meanings Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Media Meanings - Essay Example Racism played a major role in this movie, seen as a negative aspect in the children’s attitudes and mentalities. Racism is defined as unconstructive behaviour on an incorrect assumption that one race is intrinsically superior to others. This is one of the many forms of bigotry which is defined as unjust actions directed against people based on their gender, race, nationality, ethnicity, language, or sexual direction. Throughout the movie, there are many examples of racism. Basically, the students going to that high school come from different background, and therefore, at high school, they create separate â€Å"tribes†. Such tribes where â€Å"south of the boarder – Latinos†, â€Å"little Cambodia†, â€Å"the ghetto†, â€Å"Wonder bread Land†, and others that were not mentioned. All of these â€Å"tribes† believed that their race is superior to the â€Å"other†, and if that â€Å"other† particular race would not exi st, their life would be much better. From this, many problems leading to violence, and even crime, aroused. Many students went to boot camps or jail for youths, and lost a lot of their friends because of gang related activities. In addition to this, in the movie it was mentioned that in Long Beach, the place where the action takes place, it all comes down to what you look like; Latino, Asian, Black, etc. They are so buried in their hatred towards each other that it is likely to get shot anytime you walk out of your door. The students fight each other for territory; kill each other over race, pride and respect. Prejudice is seen in the movie as well. Prejudice is defined as a set of opinions, attitudes, and feelings that unfairly cast a group and its members in a negative light, without legitimate reasons. In a way, prejudice is tied to stereotype. On the other hand, stereotypes are more a false or generalized belief about a group of people that result in categorizing members without regard for individual reference. One example of a combination

Undecided Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Undecided - Essay Example Evidently, strong linkages can be observed between four of the much idolized political documents where the idea of the previous show a certain degree of influence on the current political doctrines being followed. These four documents involve, Barack Obama’s Second Inaugural, Robert Kaplan’s â€Å"Was Democracy Just a Moment?†, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), and Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s Third Inaugural, commonly referred as â€Å"The Four Freedoms†. THESIS STATEMENT In this thesis, similarities between the ideas presented in the above mentioned four political documents will be discussed. Similarities in this context will signify the influence of previously executed political ideas on the new thoughts developed, which in turn would imply the above stated notion that historic events, even in the doctrine of politics, tend to be interlinked through their unique ideologies. To be precise, the discussion henceforth will emphasize as sessing the ways one political event influenced the following political ideas and thus, contributed to national well-being in different eras and different situations. DISCUSSION The â€Å"Second Inaugural† of 44th US President Mr. Barack Obama took place in the year 2013. The political ideology expressed by the President in his Second Inaugural emphasized on his belief and the historic significance of democracy for America. He thus implies that as a President, possessing the power of the Constitution of the US, his main objective is to seek that the people of in America are bind together irrespective of color, religion and names as they have been for years. The thought here ignites a value of equality within the nation, which can be identified as based on the ideas developed over two centuries before stating that men are to be treated equally with equal rights, opportunities, liberty and happiness. Importance of these thoughts can be found exhibited throughout the political h istory of America (White House, â€Å"Inaugural Address by President Barack Obama†). For instance, dating back to 1941, when the 32nd US president, Mr. Franklin D. Roosevelt pronounced the four most vital freedoms that every American must receive in the nation, viz., ‘freedom of speech’(signifying the linguistic and cultural equality of the nation, ‘freedom of worship’ (signifying the religious equality principle in the democracy), ‘freedom from want’ (implying the principle of the nation to make basic life supporting amenities available to every American) and ‘freedom from fear’ (indicating the right of people to safety). Notably, in the 1941 period, America was undergoing substantial political changes where democracy was taking a much stronger and prominent importance against the tyranny suffered by many of the American communities even in the midst of the early and mid 20th century. Thus, by propounding these political id eas, the then US President aim to ignite a feel of equality within the nation, eradicate communalism differences and eventually, give a new direction to the country’s development (AmericanRhetoric, â€Å"The Four Freedoms†). . The President of the US, Barack Obama has also mentioned that with the ideologies of equality and democratic power within the country vowed from centuries. However, with gradual changes

HSBC Pricing Strategy Analysis

HSBC Pricing Strategy Analysis As long as the wider economic situation remains doubtful, it is advisable for HSBC to adopt a wait-and-see approach and a careful look at their businesses, stress testing them for both economic downturn and full-blown recession. And it would be useful to factor in the wider commercial and operational impacts through combined risk, valuation, economics, operations and HR teams. Certainly, for financial services firms like HSBC, crisis management still necessary in the form of asset and portfolio revaluation on a mark-to model basis for both management and constitutional accounting purposes and this may need some independent validation. Within the last decade the best consumer bank HSBC garnered awards along with soaring rankings. This was just one of those awards won by the HSBC in its excellent performance. Such achievements, rankings, and awards can be directly resulting from HSBCs business strategies. As the last decades success is not ever lasting due to increased competition in the industry facilitated by globalization, trade liberalization rather is become more difficult for the corporation to maintain its leading position through offering the excellence in the service. The company needs to add diverse values to its strategy to establish its position in the target segment. Traditional views on competitive advantage have highlighted such barriers to entry as economies of scale, patent protection, access to capital, and regulated competition. More recent views have highlighted different aspects of competitive advantage, a firms human resources and human capital. New demands facing organizations as a result of heightened competition, globalization, and technological advances have put a premium on creativity and innovation, speed and flexibility, as well as efficiency. The UK government is amending its regulation in an aggressive manner to secure the industry from the future crisis. Operating environments in the economy have continued to improve as the effects of government and central bank policies work through the system and it may be that HSBC has passed, or are about to pass, the bottom of the cycle in the financial markets. Reducing branded activities that present high risks has become a key governing issue for the retail banking industry. After the crunch, the key challenges the banking industry facing is the shortages of capital liquidity/lack of funding, high credit costs, and global price volatility. HSBC may modify its strategy to comply with the economic down-turn and the tightened regulation. Financial projecting and strategy may need careful reappraisal as many expectations supporting HSBCs strategies, plans, budgets and transactions could well need revision and material change might also have to be disclosed under regulatory, statutory or stock exchange obligations. A comprehensive contingency strategy to overcome disaster and business continuity need to be organized to gain a transparent understanding of decision making process in the case of sharp market fall. Plenty effort may need to be considered to establish changes to models, policies, processes and operations in response to lessons learned. HSBC needs to be organized to comply with the next once in a lifetime financial shock. The UK government, which has been widely criticised in the wake of the near collapse of the Northern Rock, wants to reform the current system by imposing new rules and regulation. HSBC may follow a flexible strategy where it can easily adopt the regulation maintaining the higher customer satisfaction level. As the crunch could well shake out further changes in regulation, or prompt further demands for change from stakeholders. Reviewing risk model adequacy by transparency of exposures or by back-testing of model assumptions on asset volatility, correlation, and liquidity may be carried out by HSBC to maintain the safeguard. Reviewing the adequacy of the reporting system, focusing on the transparency, rationality and strength of valuation models; accuracy and quality of underlying reference data; adequacy of controls on model use and maintenance; consistency in the bases and assumptions of risk and valuation models (particularly as assumptions may not reflect recent experience); and effectiveness of risk escalation procedures in the event of serious market volatility or disruption. HSBC may check policies, procedures and availability of skilled people to respond quickly and effectively to serious market volatility or disruption to stem losses (or even make profits). It may also review the adequacy of: Limit framework; reporting framework; Stress-testing procedures. HSBC needs to play their pricing strategies very carefully; as it has generated many hundreds of millions of pounds per annum in revenue from these charges. Review operational capability to handle the situation, with particular focus on: effectiveness of the process, infrastructure along with functional capacity (front, middle, back office) and straight through process/workflow evaluation. Specifically, in response to a competitors pioneering new product introduction, academic research finds many conditions that suggest a greater desirability of immediate market entry while many other conditions suggest a greater desirability of a delayed response. The areas where there is a consensus among decision makers with the academic literature, as well as areas where views differ from that of the literature. Changes and discusses insights gained into the decision making processes of managers for market entry timing decisions. The study can help managers in follower firms achieve greater success in formulating market entry timing strategies by reducing ambiguity in the timing implications of many internal and external conditions, as well as by drawing attention to potential action biases. As the Crucial Official Government and Agency Economic and Financial Data are of highly questionable in terms of validity; HSBC may educate itself about the realities of the marketplace using Alternative Data Sources. Collecting and staying familiar to genuine information about the market can save one much financial grief as well as positioning one for profit. As technology plays an important role in the Banking industry, HSBC may integrate the latest features in their operational strategy to get the competitive advantage. Technology helps the company to introduce differentiation among the industry where it can help the bank to charge extra if that technology adds values to the customers. Customers Satisfaction by providing customized service to establish the bond with the customers so that they can rely on the Banks activities. By redesigning product with additional facilities HSBC can attract the lower and the mid-level customers. Customer-facing business requirements are also more easily accommodated, and if these principles are applied, operational productivity and operating performance can both be raised. The key to success relies on the quality customer interface and experience, with identifying the need to offer people/individuals something they want to be identified with; fits in with their own brand choices; gives them a sense of control; and is easy for them to use at the time that they want to use it. The expectations of the Customers of the Retail Banking industry towards the service providers is getting higher to get their transactional needs right for every time. With minimizing the tolerance level for error, politicians and regulators championing consumer rights and editors being ready to run headlines about banking mistakes, it is a must for HSBC to have resilient, available and effective transactions processing and management systems. These systems and the change environments within which they are maintained must also be capable of meeting the needs of the current and emerging market needs. It is observed that non-banks have achieved high levels of personalisation in their engagement with customers, and new entrants to the retail market such as PayPal have established the competitive standard. Although PayPal is now a bank, it has achieved a financial performance to rival that of a global banks transactions business by providing an interface to bank services, having an effec tive launch strategy and giving to customers the things that they valued: convenience and the ability to keep their financial accounts private. HSBC may create new channel to get the competitive advantage over the industry rivals. At this time all the organisations now understand the importance of knowing their customers as individually and uniquely as possible. This means understanding individual needs and then being able to relate those individual needs to the actual priorities of each customer at any given point in time. Few systems have the ability to provide insight into a customer lifecycle or into current customer priorities as transactions systems do. In mature markets with high barriers to entry and which display stable market share, data mining can be vastly effective in generating new revenue streams and in establishing a differentiated service proposition. Successful data mining will include the use of refined cross-examination tools and a periodic ad hoc analysis along with data warehouse. Success is determined by integrated process management, detailed transactions analysis and alignment with a clear customer segmentation and strategy. Small and Medium Enterprises have become key players in the retail banking industry as its segment it getting bigger day by day with the globalization and increased competition. A careful selection of SMEs and product modification to attract those SMEs can help HSBC may generate increased revenue. As interest rate is a parameter which plays a key role in the banking industry and investment industry, HSBC can tailor its product in a way where the customer will be attracted and communicate the benefit of the product to the target market to gain competitive advantage. Economic profit may be easier to manage though the environment is more competitive than before by simplifying the investment decision and clarifying the accountabilities. Understanding the value of the customers and identify the sacrifice the bank will have to make to that is the vital issue. Investing in understanding and developing this aspect of their service to customers is a parallel, to develop new products, services, markets and pricing strategies. Operational and business interactions may be obtained by bringing the transactions management at the same place, and these scale efficiencies may also be applied to effective risk and incident/ disaster management. Results for the affected banks are definitely substantial which damage to their good will, opportunity loss of potential revenue and also the cost of modification and remediation. For the people involved in managing the incident it was an uncomfortable time: dealing with imperfect and incomplete data while trying to provide coherent and reliable information to many internal and external stakeholders.

Essay --

I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing aid since her hearing problem is still bearable. I have noticed that Lily knew how to take care of her body. When I asked several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 minutes a day, take vitamins daily and eats only healthy food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is giving her some worries. Good health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berger, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the process of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, after years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and social interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age. As we get older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a natural occurrence in one’s life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new beginning and look forward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in one’s life because it means that the person is a lot more knowledgeable and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully. Essay -- I asked about the changes in Lily’s body that has affected her daily activities with her age and she answered that her vision and hearing continue to decline. Each sense becomes slower and less sharp as the person gets older (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). At her age of 74, it is evident that the deterioration of her senses is linked with old age that played a major influenced her current lifestyle. She encountered difficulty in communicating with people and enjoying some activities that she loved to do. Only 10 percent of people above the age of 65 can see well without glasses (Berger, Technological Compensation: The Senses, pg. 510). Lily uses glasses to manage the changes in her eyesight. Wearing glasses assist her every time she reads and watches television, but she is not yet using any hearing aid since her hearing problem is still bearable. I have noticed that Lily knew how to take care of her body. When I asked several questions about health topics, she said that she exercises 30 minutes a day, take vitamins daily and eats only healthy food. She does not have any serious health concerns, but her right knee is giving her some worries. Good health habits delay aging but do not stop it. (Berger, Ongoing Senescence, pg. 505). Lily is trying her best to have a healthy way of life however, her body will still go through the process of senescence. The parts of the body of every human being wear out, after years of usage, as explained by the wear and tear theory (Berger, Theories of Aging, pg. 505). I asked Lily if she smoked or drink alcohol and said that she does not smoke, but she drinks red wine in moderation. In the textbook, it states that alcohol can be advantageous because it does not only ... ...ives. Developing healthy habits such as regular exercise, good nutrition and social interaction with friends and family are crucial to life as you age. As we get older, our bodies will continue to deteriorate and we cannot stop it. The aging process is a natural occurrence in one’s life, and we should not feel bad about it. We should think of it as a new beginning and look forward to the changes that will take place. I feel glad that I was able to do this interview with Lily because she let me gain a deeper perspective about late adulthood. Reaching this stage is a special time in one’s life because it means that the person is a lot more knowledgeable and wiser based on all the learning and experiences she went through, which then, can be shared to the younger generations. I hope that I can use the knowledge that I obtain from Lily to be able to age successfully.

Difficult Teachers: Recent Development on how they can be dealt with

Competition as a factor plays an important role in shaping up nearly all sectors in the present operational environment. Competition is rife in all sectors and education is swimming within these tides. Success of the teaching staff is largely guided by results and having even two ineffective teachers could lead to a bad name to a principal and his administration (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Inefficiency of the teaching staff can lead to loss of accountability and even place a school at risk of losing its reputation or failing to develop any.Like in the result oriented business world the ability of the teaching staff to set standards of peak performance or be close to the top performers is important in ensuring that parents and hard working teachers remain motivated and always seeks the best for students. Such levels of motivation are bound to trickle down to students and the result may be improvement in the levels of performance and development of a culture of success (Hopkins, 2009).It i s thus upon administrators especially principals and head of department to ensure they develop creative, humane, supportive, tough and timely approaches to deal with teachers who are not performing for one reason or the other. This is further complicated if the teachers being referred to are difficult to deal with. Appreciation of the Problem In practical teaching, many principals confess of having dealt with difficult teachers in more than one occasion. It is generally believed that each institution has what can be referred to as troubled teacher (Hopkins, 2009).The fact that the teachers are difficult to deal with must not be assumed to be directly correlated to their performance. In some cases the best teachers can prove to be hard to deal with which presents a larger problem considering the impact they could have on a school if they were to quit or their problem addressed badly. It is generally true that troubled, exhausted and even confused teachers have multiple negative impac ts on morale and school environment.Such troubled teachers have the ability to single handedly break the team spirit that is critical to staff success which results in fragmentation that is a breeding ground to failure in issues relating to school improvement initiatives. Difficult teachers have been termed by some researchers as a proverbial elephant in the staff. All in the staff are often aware of the existence of such a character but none is willing to confront for the fear of losing or what most refer to as being ‘trampled'.Many low performing and even high performing (based on result) institutions are overrun by such teachers who appear to be operating within their own code. It has been observed that some principals are even scared of such troubled teachers and though they are aware of their existence they do little to address the situation (Wilmore, 2007). The reality is that ignoring the existence of such teacher does little to address the situation which is let to man ifest within the teaching environment and with time the negative effects may even be observed in the levels of performance that can be attained by a staff (Brock, & Grady, 2003).Failure in performance may not only result to the ousting of a principal but also affect the lives of students who may have had better futures had it not been for the failure of the administrators in addressing difficult teachers. Principals must be appreciative of the fact that their roles as leaders is worth the risk because the goals seek more than material gain or advancement. This should also involve appreciation of the fact that the lives of the people within the school community and even outside the school community thus the society is dependent on the school system to provide meaning and purpose.This appreciation must be reinforced by personal assessment of the administrators to determine if they have the ability to effectively handle difficult teachers. Principals as managers and leaders have the ro le to ensure that the school community is motivated by dealing with the challenges to high levels of motivation and ensuring that impediment or threats to achievement of educational goals are addressed (Brock, & Grady, 2003). Administrators have the ability to misjudge a straight or good teacher for a trouble maker. This is especially true for administrators who are still getting the feel of being in a new environment.Depending on the existing administration for support is cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that new administrators get a feel of the environment and therefore develop objective assessment of the staff including their own ability to effectively manage the challenges presented by the environment they are in (Wilmore, 2007). Difficult teachers can come in hordes or could be unique in a staff that is highly cooperative. Even in a dysfunctional school community, there are teachers who are considered difficult. Researchers have come up with values that they view as being important in dealing with difficult teacher in varied conditions.The values that must be inherent of administrators can be developed and play a role in ensuring that difficult teachers are dealt with in both functional and dysfunctional environments. Assertive administration is cited as one of the critical success factors in dealing with difficult teachers. The term difficult in difficult teachers is not out of their knowledge of martial arts or spiritual ability rather is assertiveness that manifests negatively. The level of assertiveness that such teachers display has been cited by some as being manifested in difficult to deal with but successful teachers in class.Disregard for the existing systems and rule on a regular basis that defines difficult teachers is a manifestation of a negatively developed assertive nature (Brock, & Grady, 2003). It is only an assertive administrator that can effectively manage such a teacher and even reform his ways into those accepted within the est ablished systems. Character building is an important quality that administrators should possess if they are to effectively deal with difficult teachers. Character building is the ability to mould the perception and thereafter actions of a teacher in a manner that leads to their entry or fit into an existing set of values.Character affects perception and therefore actions and should thus be developed in a manner that is positive if the actions are to lead to generation of value to both students and other teaching staff (Wilmore, 2007). Many researchers have come up with findings that blame the behavior of difficult teacher on the nature of their cognition. Such difficult teachers display their negative character irrespective of the nature of administration thus addressing the character issues appear to be the best approach to dealing with difficult teachers.Communication is considered one of the important tools that managers and leaders have in ensuring that goals are transmitted thr ough out a system and people are motivated towards achieving set goals. Under constrained teaching environment, teachers may take on repulsive behavior to gaining the attention of the administration to issues that may be affecting their efficiency in teaching. While a negative teaching environment is not a precondition for difficult teachers it is a possible cause of negative teachers (Wilmore, 2007).Communication is an avenue through which the nature of difficult teachers can be discerned and it is only from this understanding that suitable intervention measures should be developed. Administrators must study and personalize the art of affective communication if difficult teachers are not to arise from a teaching environment and to also ensure a proper understanding of the negative teaching behavior. Developing a positive school culture has come up as one of the critical success factors in reducing the prevalence of difficult teaching.Poorly performing schools have been recorded as being a breeding ground for difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). A poor school culture develops a negative picture of what is expected of a teacher and develops a breeding ground for negative perception and energy that could result in difficult teachers. Some researchers have tried to develop a theory in a bid of have a clear image of difficult teacher formulation in an environment which postulate that a negative culture direct the otherwise positive energy that could have been channeled into positive development to poor interaction with students and other members of staff (Wilmore, 2007).The role of developing a positive culture has been studied in business and involves interaction with positive people and promotion of positive norms and values. The role of managers and leaders is prominent in this phase and could be the defining factor between failure and success. Contribution of the administrators to teaching and addressing issues that teachers and students are faced with plays a n important role in ensuring that administrators are appreciated as part of the school systems.By contributing to issues relating to staff development administrators are placed in a position where they can effectively monitor events within their environment (Whitaker, 2002). This is in line with proactive approaches to issues where reporting systems are a formal or documentation systems and not an avenue through which leaders gain insight of problems. By actively contributing to the school community and being at the fore in addressing issues, administrators are put in a position where they can be effective in ensuring overall school development.Conducting assertive interventions and timeliness are the other important values that administrators must display to be able to effectively manage difficult teachers. It is generally believed that the most effective way to deal with students is addressing the teachers. A school in its basic definition takes on a hierarchical structure was the teachers act as a bridge between students and the administration (Whitaker, 2002). Assertive intervention systems are important in ensuring that other teachers whom are often aware of the existence of a problem become informed of strategies that are being taken to address them.Timeliness is a value that is of critical importance in minimizing the negative effects of difficult teachers in a school community. Procrastination has been cited as one of the avenues through which administrators let negative effects of difficult teachers affect existing systems with negative repercussion (Whitaker, 2002). Addressing procrastination is therefore a critical success factor and can only be attained if timeliness as a factor is ingrained within systems seeking solutions. Manifestation of Difficult TeachingThe ability to identify problematic teacher is important in ensuring that the effect that he has on other members of the teachings staff are mitigated. Difficult teachers come in different for ms according to a recent survey that seeks to develop a clear understanding of difficult teachers (Whitaker, 2002). Understanding the exact manifestation of difficult behavior in teachers and interaction with other staff members and administration is important in devising strategy that can be used in dealing with threats that they pose.Complaining and negative teachers have been cited as the most difficult to deal with. It is advisable that such teachers be directly and confidentially addressed (Waterman, & Waterman, 2006). Ensuring that teachers are aware of the effects that their behavior has on existing system and achievement of the educational goals and presenting a platform for them to raise issues that may be affecting them in a confidential manner is important in ensuring the interventions do not manifest negatively. Research shows that some principals however choose to ignore the negative comments from difficult teachers.Though success of the interaction in such a case is de pendent on the degree with which the administrators can focus on positive staff members, ignoring the negative staff members is misplaced and could be counter-productive. Stating expectations and offering assistance have for a long time been considered vital steps in dealing with difficult teacher; however, the change in environment and the need for leaders and managers to be proactively involved in day to day running of their systems has led to increased requirement on administrators (Whitaker, 2002).Noise makers and anarchist are considered the second most common characteristic of difficult teachers. Directly addressing their behavior groups is considered the first step to addressing issues they may be faced with. Stating what is expected of them including policies, behavior and expectation while monitoring progress are also considered success factors (McEwan, 2005). Research shows that if the initial intervention framework fails in developing observable change in the teachers pla cing them on an improvement plan is considered the next phase by many.In most cases, the intervention system for these behavior group end with a teacher being asked to leave a faculty after all measures fail in developing positive behavior change. Difficult teachers can also be defined by high propensity to gossip. While gossip may be considered a form of communication in any social setting if it continues to grow it could prove difficult for administrators to replace it with the truth. A factor that is widely appreciated as being a stumbling block to effectively addressing issues that an organization is faced with is gossip which affects the level of efficiency that can be attained in communication.Administrators must ensure that such members of staff are made aware of the negative effects that gossip could have to the attainment of school goals. Most leadership experts point to the fact that openly showing disgust and disapproval of gossip could lead to positive results (McEwan, 2 005). Institutions that are aware of the negative effects that continual gossips has on communication efficiency have in the past asked difficult teachers to consider leaving a faculty if they could not deal with their love for gossiping.Backstabbers are another problem group where the direct approach is cited as being most effective. In fact a more direct approach than in all other cases has to be used in confronting culprits with questions on the why, what, where and when regarding a case. Depending on the magnitude of a case the intervention systems may either involve letting the culprit be aware of the fact that his actions have been brought into light and citing insubordination which may also involve restating expectation of behavior and initiation of an improvement plan (McEwan, 2005).Research shows that most principals are aware of the existence of such backstabber but consider their actions less influential on attainment of goals. Backstabbing is viewed by principals as diff ering opinions rather than lack of appreciation of the input of other members. This is a negative perception that is reflective of the differences that exist between practice and research. Discussion There appears to be a wide appreciation of the extent of difficult teachers. Researchers have tried to dissect the problem from different dimensions to ensure that its emergence, manifestation and even approaches to its management are well understood.Behavior development; nature of experiences that a teacher has undergone; the nature of the operational environment and objectives of the teachers are factors cited as being vital in defining the extent and effect of difficult teachers. There is no doubt on the effects that such teachers could have on the levels of morale and even attainment of administrative goals. One of the most important developments in recent research is an effort to develop a clear understanding of the different behavior groups and how each group can be addressed.Dire ct measures and restatement of the vision have been stated as being vital in ensuring effective management of different cases. The role of the administrators and the critical success values are applicable in the measures that have been developed for different behavior groups. It is apparent that there is little that can be done by researchers to address individual cases however administrators can pick from the general guidelines that have been developed to come up with measures in management and leadership that can ensure difficult teachers are dealt with in a manner that leads to professional development.Critical review of success factors and steps involved in mitigating and addressing specific behavior problems points to the fact that effective leadership and management are important in identification and address of difficult teachers as a key problem in achievement of schooling goals. The art and science aspect of management have to be reinforced with appreciation of the potentia l effect that problem teachers have on attainment of a school's objectives and facilitation of communication and transmission of positive values in attaining efficiency.There is no doubt on the role played by innovation, creativity, skills, experience, coordination and overall strategic management in ensuring difficult teachers are managed and their effects addressed. Conclusion Difficult teachers have the potential of disrupt learning and lead to loss of morale in the teaching staff. Understanding the teachers which involve ensuring high levels of interaction with them and application of strategic management principles in addressing the challenge they present have widely been discussed by researchers.There however appears to be a gap between research and practice in that some principals and administrators despite the effects that difficult teachers have on attainment of school goals ignore their existence. Researches on how this appreciation can be developed are lacking and are one of the key areas that have to be addressed if the current state of research is to be helpful to practicing administrators. Little has been done with regards to difficult administrators who may in fact pose a greater threat to attainment of schooling goals.A further understanding of the cause of difficult behaviors among teachers must be developed to create a good platform for administrators to base their interventions. In a nutshell, the current researches provide a suitable platform for definition of strategic directions that can be taken in addressing difficult teachers; it is however upon administrators and the entire school community to develop specific approaches that are relevant to their cases which differ different owing to different values and expectations that characterize schools.

Molar Mass of a Solid Essay

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment is to determine the molar mass of an unknown solid. The freezing point of a solvent (Cyclohexane) was determined, and compare to the freezing point of Cyclohexane with the addition of two different concentration of unknown solid. The pure substance of Cyclohexane has defined physical properties. However, when a solute is added these properties are determined by the amount of solute added, also known as colligative properties. The temperature of the freezing point was lowered when the solid was added and it decreased as the concentration of the solid increased. The molality of the solute was determined, which was then used to calculate the molar mass of the solid for both trials. An average of the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol with a %RSD of 0.626%. The purpose of the experiment was to obtain the molar mass of an unknown solid. The molar mass is determined by dissolving the unknown compound into a pure liquid with defined physical properties, in this case Cyclohexane. When dissolving a solute, it forms a homogeneous solution, in which the solvent of the solution physical properties are not longer defined, but depends on the amount of solute added. Whenever a substance is dissolved in a solvent, the vapor pressure decreases. When the vapor pressure decreases, it also lowers the boiling and freezing point of the solvent and increases the osmotic pressure. These four properties are known as the colligative properties, the magnitude of the changes depends on the amount of solute dissolve; the changes are directly proportional to each other. The higher the solute concentration, the higher the changes of vapor pressure, therefore, a lower freezing point. It is hypothesized that the freezing point temperature will decreased, if there is a higher concentration of the solid added to the soution. Vapor pressure is th e  pressure exerted by a vapor when the vapor is in a state of dynamic equilibrium with its liquid. When a nonvolatile solute is dissolves in the solvent, solute molecules occupy a part of the surface area. This allows molecules into the vapor state, lowing the vapor pressure of the solvent. When the vapor pressure lowers, the boiling point elevates, due to the presence of the solute. Solute added to the solvent affects the freezing point, the energy of the solvent lowers to increase the magnitude of the intermolecular forces for the molecules to get together to form a solid. The colligative properties are useful for determining molar masses of unknown nonvolatile solute. At low concentrations of a nonvolatile solute, the freezing–point of depression of a solvent can be determine by Tf = Kf (solvent) -Tf (solution) = Kf m. Changes in freezing point Tf are directly proportional to the molality, m, of the solute in solution (molality, m = mol solute/ kg solvent). The freezing-point constant, Kf for Cyclohexane is 20ËšC †¢ k/mol, which is used to obtain the amount of moles of solute in the solution, which is inversely proportional to the change of freezing point Tf. The molal mass obtained is essential to obtain the molar mass of the unknown solid (solute). The molal mass shows the unknown amount of moles of solute are need it per kilogram of solvent. Acquiring the number of moles of solute and analyzing it with the grams of solute measured in the laboratory obtaining the molar mass of the unknown solute.i The cooling behavior of a solution different from a pure liquid solution when a solute it’s added. Te temperature at which the solution begins to freeze is lower than the pure solvent. The freezing point also lowers when there is a higher concentration of solute added to the solution. The molar mass of unknown solid can be determined by any of the colligative properties, the freezing point is not an exception and by knowing the mass of solute and temperature of the freezing point, the molar mass can be obtained. Discussion: The freezing point depression is a colligative property of solutions, which is based only on the amount of solute added and not the defined chemical and physical properties of the substance. The freezing point of Cyclohexane observed was 4.97ËšC, from the cooling curve (Figure 1). Freezing point values of Trial 1 and Trial 2 were collected, to compared to the freezing point of Cyclohexane and determine he depression of the solute. The unknown solid yielded a freezing depression of 3.64ËšC for trial 1, and 2.84ËšC for trial 2 (Figure 2 & 3). These values were compared to the original mass of unknown solute added to the Cyclohexane and the approximate molar mass of  the unknown solid. The molar mass that was calculated for trial 1 was 288.14-g/mol, while trial 2 was 285.60-g/mol (Table 3). The average of the molar mass was calculated, and the molar mass of the unknown solid observed was approximately 286.87-g/mol. When calculating the standard deviation was obtain only +1.796g/mol when comparing both trials to the mean. The values are apparently close up together, making them highly precise, however, is unknown if the values are accurate, the unknown solid actual molar mass still unknown. The relative standard deviation percent, obtained was 0.626% (Table 3); this measurement expresses precision of the data, the smaller RSD the greater the precision for the average value of the data. The %RSD, is extremely low, making it the results a tremendously precise data of the mean. However, there was a possible error that could have affected the results. The error occurred during recording the cooling temperature of trial 1, the ice melted and the test tube was removed to add more ice into the beaker. Also, while recording the temperature of the Cyclohexane upon addition of unknown solid, the sample was not stir and therefore the value could have probably been invalid. Constant stirring of solution would have assured an even mix of the solute particles and a more accurate freezing point. These small errors could have affected both trials creating a higher observed molar mass value for both trials. Conclusion: The experiment allowed for the determination of freezing point of Cyclohexane based on a logger pro software with calibrated thermometers to be approximately 4.97ËšC (Table 1). Freezing point depression was observed when two trials of different concentration of the unknown solid were added to the Cyclohexane. As the concentration of the unknown solid increased, the freezing point of the solution was also lowered (Table 2). As seen on Figure 4, when placing all three graphs it is visible, when solute is added a lower freezing point is observed. Using experimental measurements, the molar mass of the unknown solid was calculated to be 286.87+1.796g/mol. Based on the relative standard deviation percent (%RSD) of 0.626%, shows a highly precise measurements of unknown solid molar mass when compared to the mean values.

Bonnie and Clyde in Oklahoma essays

Bonnie and Clyde in Oklahoma essays Two of the Southwest's more noted desperados during the early 1930's were Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker. Bonnie and Clyde (or the "Bloody Barrows", as they were then commonly called) terrorized the country, from Texas to Iowa and back, for two years, slaughtering at least a dozen men, most of whom were peace officers. They regularly visited Oklahoma in the course of their depredations. Raised in the slums of West Dallas, Clyde Chestnut Barrow (or Clyde Champion, as he preferred to be called) and Bonnie Parker Thornton apparently met in early 1930. He was the son of a former sharecropper who now ran a gas station in West Dallas. Both Clyde and his older brother, Buck, then in Huntsville Prison, had been arrested several times for burglary and car theft. Bonnie, as yet, had no record, but did have a husband, Roy Thornton, who was doing 99 years at Huntsville as an habitual criminal. She briefly found solace with Clyde Barrow but their budding romance was interrupted by police, who hauled Barrow off to Waco, where he was wanted for a series of burglaries and car thefts. Clyde pleaded guilty to two burglaries and five car thefts and was sentenced to two years, with 12 years probation. On March 11, 1930, he escaped from the Waco jail, with two other men, William Turner and Emory Abernathy. The suspicion was that Marvin "Buck" Barrow, having escaped three days earlier from Huntsville, arranged Clyde's jailbreak. According to Bonnie's relatives and Clyde's fellow escapee, William Turner, it was Bonnie who smuggled the a gun into Clyde's cell. At any rate, Barrow, Turner, and Abernathy left Bonnie behind and lit out for Middleton, Ohio, where they were arrested on March 18, after robbing a railroad depot of $57.97. The three were soon returned to Texas in chains, accompanied by Sheriff Leslie Stegall of Waco. Clyde's probation was revoked and, on April 21, 1930, as Clyde Champion Barrow, #63527, he was received at the State Penitentiary...

What extent Charlotte Brontes treatment of women in Jane Eyre Essays

What extent Charlotte Brontes treatment of women in Jane Eyre Essays What extent Charlotte Brontes treatment of women in Jane Eyre Paper What extent Charlotte Brontes treatment of women in Jane Eyre Paper Essay Topic: Literature Jane Eyre, written by Charlotte Bronte, was published in London in 1847. Similar to many novels of the time, it highlighted the many social and moral problems of the period. These included topics such as poverty, health, lack of education, treatment of children and, the aspect that is pointed out for the most part in Jane Eyre- the limited role and the attitude towards women. Charlotte Bronte took great risk when she published Jane Eyre. In the period that Bronte lived, women were not expected to work, in fact, there was a strong feeling against women who worked. Writing was also included in this, and many women writers used a male name when they published books merely so that the book would actually sell. When Bronte wrote Jane Eyre however, she used her own name, risking the popularity of the book. The contents of Jane Eyre also put under great risk. As it was a male dominated society at the time, women had no say. They could not stand out against men. In Jane Eyre, men are represented as the bad, Mr. Brocklehurst, for example, treats the girls at Lowood School very badly, and he is a very typical male of the time. He orders the girls at Lowood to have their hair cut off, to wear poor clothes, eat little, and this is very poor food. Whereas his own daughters wear silk long dresses, the have long hair and are very well fed. Mr. Brocklehurst is an example of the poorness in education, the way children are treated, the gap between rich and poor and the male thought at the time towards others. Mr. Rochester when he is first met appears to be the most likely example of attitude towards women. He thinks, as the popular attitude went in that time, that women were an item, that they should be seen and not heard. Indeed, he shows this by the false marriage he tries to trick Jane into, and then trying to buy her over with gifts and nice clothes. Using men to in a sense mock the attitude of the time Jane was again risking the books popularity and maybe even the book being published. The book shows greatly the treatment of women. It gives many examples of women in different positions and how they are treated and the power that they have. When a couple were married in this period, the man, in a way, was buying the woman and her possessions. She became his property. Along with her money, possessions, land maybe even children. As they were not allowed to divorce until much later, the woman would have to stay with her husband until he died. The male in the relationship could get away with having an affair, but if the women ever tried it and was caught, she would be kicked out onto the street, losing money, power, status, and having nothing. In addition, if the woman tried to run away with her children it was thought of as kidnap, as the male owned the children. It was very rare for a woman to gain complete control over her husbands property unless he passed away. This is the position that Mrs. Reed was in. She owned all of her husband had taken when they married. However, marriages of upper class citizens were very rarely for love in that period. Women tried to marry someone of the same or higher social status than themselves, to increase their money and power. For a womans power was limited to her husbands control, influence, and wealth. When Jane meets Bessie before she goes to Thornfield, Bessie explains that miss Georgina met a young lord who she fell in love with but his relations were against his match This means that he was not of high enough status to marry miss Georgina, and she was disallowed to wed him by Mrs. Reed. Miss Ingram on the other hand, was of perfect social status to marry Mr. Rochester. She was of the same class as him, they were both rich and their families contained much power and wealth. Although Miss Ingram is merely marrying Mr. Rochester for his wealth, not his love, as Adele tells Jane. Higher-class women were usually those that could afford schooling with ease, but were those who did not need it. The women of these classes would be looked after their whole lives. They spend the first part of their lives under the protection of their own family wealth, living off this; they then are married and live off the wealth of their partner. At no time in their lives do they need the level of schooling that they receive. The irony in this is that those who need it the most, i. e. the lower class citizens, cannot afford it. For the middle class women of the time, education was something that most could afford, but some could not. Nevertheless, for a woman of middle class who had little or no money of their own was able to choose between up to three things: to be financially dependant on a husband, living as a dependant in a house as a governess or the unpleasant job of teaching in a school, depending on whether or not she had received an education. Women of this social status may have married for love a little more frequently than those who married in the higher classes. Jane fits very snugly into this category, as she gets an education of sorts, although being constantly bullied by the arrogant Mr. Brocklehurst; she then works as a teacher at Lowood, then moves to Thornfield to become a Governess. Charlotte Bronte illustrated these jobs as a protest that women of this status had so little choice of jobs. The bottom class of the social chain would have needed education the most out of all of three of the classes. They had no money; therefore they could not afford to be educated. The bottom class women of society wound up in the very worst of jobs. They would have no other choice than to work in the factories or workhouses that were situated all over England of this period. Either that or they would have wound up on the bottom of the chain of servants in houses such as that of Mr. Rochester. Charlotte Bronte refers to this chain when Jane very first enters Thornfield. Mrs Fairfax tells Jane that she and her should not really associate themselves with the lower class servants. Although being a servant herself, is considerably higher than others, as she I the woman employed to run the house when Mr. Rochester is away. She and Jane are more directly related to Mr. Rochester, as Jane is teaching his daughter, so they are seemingly higher up in the chain. The Hierarchy of servants was very common in large richer houses of the century. The top of the chain would consist of the wife of the house, as, she if she wished, she could take on this responsibility, as it was one of the few that they could. The next would be the head servant (similar to Mrs. Fairfax), she would take instructions from the wife if the wife was not carrying them out herself. Then would be servants that headed a particular area of expertise, Head Cook, Stable master etc. Under them would be the lowest servants, those of the lowest class who were lucky enough to get a place in a house where they may have been able to stay or be paid a fair wage. The lowest class women would have jobs such as washing, changing beds and pillows, dusting etc, under the orders of the head servant. Similar to Grace in Thornfield. The role and position of women has greatly changed since the period that charlotte Bronte lived. Jane Eyre is actually a fiction al autobiography of Charlotte Brontes life. From being treated badly at school, to being a teacher, Charlottes life is echoed in the book. Due to womens rights acts and that men saw the unfairness in the way women were treated women now have equal rights in society. Jane Eyre is a very good social commentary of what life was like in the period of which Charlotte lived.

Reciprocation vs. Reciprocity

Reciprocation vs. Reciprocity Reciprocation vs. Reciprocity Reciprocation vs. Reciprocity By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between reciprocation and reciprocity? The distinction is fine but useful. Both reciprocation and reciprocity mean â€Å"an act of return or requiting†; when one reciprocates, one responds to an action or a gesture by doing the same thing or something equivalent in form or value. These words stem from the Latin term reciprocus; the verb form, reciprocare, means â€Å"move or turn back,† â€Å"rise and fall,† or â€Å"come and go, move back and forth.† Reciprocation stems directly from Latin, while reciprocity is derived from the intermediate French term rà ©ciprocità ©. The difference is that reciprocation connotes a more intimate, personal exchange, while reciprocity refers to a more formal situation, such as a political or social agreement or contract: When a person returns a favor, he or she engages in reciprocation; when two countries adhere to an agreement to exchange similar privileges or products, they are practicing reciprocity. The adjective reciprocal refers to complementary actions by two parties (or one such action), but the word is also a noun meaning â€Å"something reciprocal to something else,† including one of a pair of numbers that, when multiplied, produce a product of 1 (such as 4 and 1/4). The verb form is reciprocate, the adverbial form is reciprocally, and the adjectival form is reciprocating. (For example, a reciprocating saw is a powered saw with a blade that moves back and forth so that the operator need only hold the tool while the motor makes the saw do the work.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Bare or Bear With Me?Homogeneous vs. HeterogeneousPlurals of Proper Names

Technology-based implementation in the context of the small retail Research Paper - 1

Technology-based implementation in the context of the small retail business - Research Paper Example This research is being carried out to evaluate and present the scenario of the business which is that the researcher’s best friend has bought a small retail business in Central Florida and its name is Bright Moon Store. The business has been doing fairly well but my friend has just found out that the accounting system consists of cash and receipts in a shoe box and there are no reports of anything since everything was kept in the prior owners head. So in this project, the researcher’s friend has hired him as a consultant to help get things organized. The Bright Moon Store deals in general household products that are used in our daily lives. The basic intention of this store is to provide customers with more convenient and easy access to daily used products. Bright Moon Store has a long business history in the market and with the passage of time, its overall reorganization has improved. As a result, Bright Moon Store wants to improve its overall market reorganization and performance. With the passage of time, the business customers are increasing so the business needs to adopt some effective tools and techniques to deal with these growing requirements. In order to run its business effectively, Bright Moon Store has to fulfill its basic business needs. The effective fulfillment of these needs will effectively support all business areas. In this scenario Bright Moon Store’s basic business needs are outlined below: Bright Moon Store is currently completing its business tasks using manual ways. In such scenario, the overall workload and working style are more rigid, which ultimately causes less effective business performance. The present business data is paper-based or semi-automated. In this scenario, problem is that the amount of data is huge and it cannot be handled without using an appropriate information system.

Festival and events Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Festival and events - Essay Example In addition, we have also approached for additional funding from the Virgin Australia Airlines Pty Ltd that offers sponsorship based on their internal evaluations for events that deliver community benefits that align to the direction of the company (n.d). In this note, the company agreed to donate $1000 to sponsor the night trivia. Further, we were keen in controlling the costs of organizing the event by ensuring that we select a venue that is cost effective. Our choice of venue for the event is Apple cross Anglican Church where it is possible to reduce the total cost for holding the event while still making the guests to have fun. The main hall areas in the Apple cross Anglican Church can host a maximum of about 230 guests at a cost of $20 per hour after 6pm for non-profit events (Applecross Anglican Church, n.d). In addition, the venue has other additional offers such as tables and soft drinks. Further, we have approached the Sound Guys Company where we have obtained discounted sound system at a cost of $70 for the event. All these additional resources make the cost of holding the event in the venue to be within our limited budget. In order to attract a large number of guests, we have organized some prizes and gifts that will be given to the participants of night trivia. For instance, we have approached Dymocks book shop who agreed to donate different types of books in order to support the event. In addition, we have also approached Coles Supermarkets who agreed to support the night trivia by donating food hampers that will play great part in attracting more participants. Further, we were able to get some gifts such as soaps, perfumes and lotions from Elizabeth Shop that will also constitute the prizes to be given out. In order for the participants to win the gifts, the trivia will be organized in such a way that groups in a table will compete

Beyond the Apparent Meaning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Beyond the Apparent Meaning - Research Paper Example Close and keen analysis of his works reveals the how the author builds the theme in the story. This paper will highlight the how the author develops the theme of moral obligation in the story ‘Magic Barrel’ and others. The ‘magic barrel’ is a fascinating literary piece that has received a lot of attention from literature scholars. The story centers on the Leo’s search for a bride, an assignment that he considers himself unable to handle and designates it tom Salzman, who specializes in matchmaking. The story highlights why Leo must embark on searching for a potential bride. Apparently, he had spent most of his years in rabbinical studies and having a wife at that juncture had the potential of improving his chances as a rabbi. At the time, a rabbi without a wife hardly found a congregation to shepherd. At twenty-seven, he realized that he urgently needed a bride but lacked the capacity to court one for himself because he had spent the preceding years c oncentrating on his studies and never found time to develop any social skills. These are the reasons that made him seek for the assistance of the matchmaker. The story progresses to describe the process that followed in the search for a bride. It becomes evident that Leo Finkle embarked on the venture because, it was an obligation for him to have wife, as a Jewish scholar. Although his initial motivation was entirely being able to meet the moral obligation required by Judaism, it turned out to mean much more. A rabbi had to have a wife prior to ordination, a factor that placed him in an appropriate position for him to understand the marriage institution complexities because he would have to give others counsel on such matters. Consequently, being bachelor placed a barrier for some potential rabbis because it proved them incapable of managing a congregation. Malamud uses Leo as reflection of religious moral obligations in the Jewish community. The zealous search that Leo indulges in reveals the depth and criticality of moral obligation. As Salzman made suggestions of potential brides for Leo, it became evident that his moral obligations influenced his decisions and opinions of the potential brides. He had moral standings that served to determine the would-be bride. In this context, Leo was acting in accordance to the Jewish law (Avery190). Having studied law for a long time, Korah laws defined his moral standings. As Malamud developed the story, he introduces a new perspective of moral obligation. As Leo Finkle absorbed himself in the search of a potential bride, he realized that he lacked the central value that defined an individual’s moral values. Although he strived to fulfill the religious moral obligations, he recognized that love for God had not moved him to theological law. In essence, love for God appeared to him as higher authority. Although being a rabbi involved helping others out of love, he lacked love for God and fellow humans. He recognize d his need for love and resolved to build the important attribute that would help him serve effectively. He understood the emptiness that surrounded a rabbi who lacked understanding of love. Upon realization of the fact that he needed love, he woke up to the reality that love was a stronger moral obligation (Malamud 167). In addition, Malamud used the opinion of Salzman to emphasize the value of adhering to moral obligations. As a matchmaker, he handled Leo’s case with a different approach. He intended to find him a bride that

Products Liability Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Products Liability - Research Paper Example Company description The Ford Motor Company is one of the leading manufacturers of vehicles and has a strong position in the global automotive market. The company widely engages in the development, manufacturing, distribution and service of vehicles, parts and their accessories. Ford corporate philosophy of stable improvement powerfully contributes to its immense achievement. The company endeavors to enhance its car products to appeal to its customers both buyers and potential buyers. At present, it concentrates on an advanced generation of consumers and creating stronger ties with this youthful market. As a result of its novel strategy, Ford has created a new line of vehicles, targeting the generation of â€Å"cool† and Ford main competitors include Toyota motor Company and GM motors (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The product safety issue that led to the lawsuit Ford Motor Company was recently involved in an acc ident involving a 15 passenger Ford F-350 Econoline Van. Information shows that the van skidded off northbound interstate 5 in Kern County after the tread separated on its rear right tire. It becomes evident that evidence from the trial testified that the Ford officials had earlier on been contacted by the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and knew that the product was defective, but the company officials never made any effort to conduct its dealers or its customers. Further evidence also shows that one of the men killed in the rollover was not wearing a seat belt during the accident. The panel also found that it would not have mattered in a crash in which the van rolled over four times while travelling at 70 miles per hour. Ford was then assessed with 59 percent comparative fault. It was also assessed $50,000,000 in punitive damages as a result of the accident (Steering Committee on Product Liability and Innovation, National Academy of Engineering, 2004). The legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit, how the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case The legal theory applied in the above case is product liability and negligence. The theory states that any injuries, death or any loss which may be as a result of a person or entity's negligence to fulfill any legal duty owed to another may be responsible for the act. These injuries are based on the legal theory of product liability and negligence and for one to establish a legal claim for negligence, it is required that the plaintiff must show that the defendant had a legal duty, the defendant breached that duty and this breach was the proximate cause of the plaintiff injuries and the plaintiff was injured or even damaged in one way or the other. While laws may differ from state to state, deaths or injuries may be imposed for negligence (Birsch & Fielder, 2004). For instance, Kristi D. Roofer one of the plaintiffs sued the company over the manufacturers who sold t he van which was involved in that accident as Ford failed to establish that no genuine issue of material fact exists. The lawsuit argues that the vehicle was defective and unreasonably dangerous and ultimately caused the death of the passengers. The defendant is accused of negligence for failing to design and manufacture a crashworthy vehicle and with proper seat belts to reduce accident deaths

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of space weapons include aspects such as; an adversary can weaken a space weapon, compromising the weapon's capability to effectively stop an attack. Moreover, the locations of space-based weapons are easy to predict. Incidentally, a weapon ruined on orbit can leave a continual cloud of rubble, posing danger to other satellites. Finally, â€Å"many weapons are necessary to guarantee that one of the weapons is located correctly†. Space weapons can serve as a defensive way to protect humanity from extraterrestrial attacks. Space weapons may serve as the main tool for information governance, and consequently may be an important aspect to combat zone control in modern war. Space weapons facilitate an advantage in time and distance over an opponent, necessary for a country to attain and safeguard the inventiveness. This enables countries to deter a progressing potential enemy more efficiently, with minimal collateral damage and probably in the initial stages of the attack, as compared to the weapons in current use. In addition, â€Å" if the willingness for an operation of space weapons is minimal in other countries, the first country to start operation will have a short-term advantage of supremacy over the other countries†. Assets in space play a vital role in â€Å"day-to-day communications, information gathering, and distribution, and in navigation†. These aspects are vital to the economy, security and are in demand among populations world since they are used in everyday life. Adversaries having an ill motive of slowing down or taking over a country could target assets such as satellites. Destruction of these assets can gravely affect a country as it means that no communication, data gathering, or navigation services will be accessible to inhabitants of that particular country 4. Therefore, the capability to avert a hostile attack, either from the earth or from space, is necessary. The attainment of this would only be through using space weapons since they offer a long-range attack solution and a relatively quick response time.

Effect of Credit Crunch on Banking Sector in the UK Dissertation

Effect of Credit Crunch on Banking Sector in the UK - Dissertation Example 33 Figure 1.2: UK Banking Sector - Northern Rock Example 34 Figure 1.3: Business and Financial Services Growth Relative to Overall UK GDP Growth 35 Introduction The origin of the credit crunch was in the US in the year 2007. Several evidences proved that UK had also been affected due to the credit crunch (Ball & Et. Al., 2009). This report will analyse several aspects regarding the impacts of the credit crunch on the UK banking sector. General Statement The report will be dealing with the impacts of the credit crunch on the UK. It is a broad aspect hence the topic has been specified through restricting its focus only on the banking sector. Therefore, the prime research statement undertakes the analysis of the impact of credit crunch on the banking sector. Specific Statements In order to draw the ultimate findings of the research statements, the following specific statements will be evaluated ‘The Credit Crunch Explained’ ‘Credit Crunch — Banks Stop Lendingâ €™ ‘Banking Sector Timeline - From Credit Crunch to Present Day’ ‘Bankers Made 'Astonishing Mess'’ ‘UK Banking Regulation’ Requirement for Further Investigation The scope of study is huge as it encompasses the entire banking sector of the UK. Due to the constraint of time, it might not be possible to conduct an immense research. The study can be more concrete if increased number of real evidences could be included. Moreover, views of the managers or the finance managers of the banks in the UK can be taken into consideration to acquire the in-depth analysis of the topic. It is evident that the impact of credit crunch will not have similar implications to the big and small banks. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a further scope of investigating the differences of the impact in between the... The origin of the credit crunch was in the US in the year 2007. Several evidences proved that UK had also been affected due to the credit crunch. This report will analyse several aspects regarding the impacts of the credit crunch on the UK banking sector. The report will be dealing with the impacts of the credit crunch on the UK. It is a broad aspect hence the topic has been specified through restricting its focus only on the banking sector. Therefore, the prime research statement undertakes the analysis of the impact of credit crunch on the banking sector. The scope of study is huge as it encompasses the entire banking sector of the UK. Due to the constraint of time, it might not be possible to conduct an immense research. The study can be more concrete if increased number of real evidences could be included. Moreover, views of the managers or the finance managers of the banks in the UK can be taken into consideration to acquire the in-depth analysis of the topic. It is evident that the impact of credit crunch will not have similar implications to the big and small banks. Therefore, it can be stated that there is a further scope of investigating the differences of the impact in between the smaller and the bigger banks. The primary objective of the project is to determine the impact of the credit crunch in the banking sector of the UK. The concept of the credit crunch is related with the banking sector as it is based on the lending procedure. It indicates that basic concepts are needed to be conceptualised.

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

A Need for a Space Weapons Ban - Research Paper Example The disadvantages of space weapons include aspects such as; an adversary can weaken a space weapon, compromising the weapon's capability to effectively stop an attack. Moreover, the locations of space-based weapons are easy to predict. Incidentally, a weapon ruined on orbit can leave a continual cloud of rubble, posing danger to other satellites. Finally, â€Å"many weapons are necessary to guarantee that one of the weapons is located correctly†. Space weapons can serve as a defensive way to protect humanity from extraterrestrial attacks. Space weapons may serve as the main tool for information governance, and consequently may be an important aspect to combat zone control in modern war. Space weapons facilitate an advantage in time and distance over an opponent, necessary for a country to attain and safeguard the inventiveness. This enables countries to deter a progressing potential enemy more efficiently, with minimal collateral damage and probably in the initial stages of the attack, as compared to the weapons in current use. In addition, â€Å" if the willingness for an operation of space weapons is minimal in other countries, the first country to start operation will have a short-term advantage of supremacy over the other countries†. Assets in space play a vital role in â€Å"day-to-day communications, information gathering, and distribution, and in navigation†. These aspects are vital to the economy, security and are in demand among populations world since they are used in everyday life. Adversaries having an ill motive of slowing down or taking over a country could target assets such as satellites. Destruction of these assets can gravely affect a country as it means that no communication, data gathering, or navigation services will be accessible to inhabitants of that particular country 4. Therefore, the capability to avert a hostile attack, either from the earth or from space, is necessary. The attainment of this would only be through using space weapons since they offer a long-range attack solution and a relatively quick response time.

The Red Scare of 1919 Essay Example for Free

The Red Scare of 1919 Essay The Red Scare of 1919 was the first of two major periods in American History when fear of radicalism culminated in the persecution and deportation of Americans thought to be radicals (communists, anarchists, or socialists). An unprecedented event, the Red Scare of 1919 exhibits how popular suppression and fear of radicalism can have disastrous consequences. The causes of the Red Scare are numerous and varied, however, one of the most important factors that contributed to the scare was the acts passed during World War I. During the war, social-anarchists did not support American involvement, nor did they support the subsequent draft. In response to the dissent, Congress passed the Sedition Act (actually, amended the Espionage Act). It was important in relation to the Red Scare because it allowed for censoring of radical literature as well as regulation of the mail. It was directed against subversives and, therefore, cast a very broad net. Because of the Sedition act, many individuals were arrested for distributing media that criticized the American military (Eugene Debs, head of the Socialist Party, was one of them). It was in response to this act that Justices Oliver Wendell Holmes set forth the clear and present danger doctrine and marked the beginning of modern First Amendment jurisprudence. Therefore, the Sedition Act of 1918 was important in the imposition of censorship after World War I. Reds were seen as a danger to the American system of government, economic stability, and way of life. In this sense, the war produced an era of intolerance for subversives, and it was this attitude that provided a ripe setting for the Red Scare of 1919 to take place. The Sedition Act was the legal excuse people used to regulate, censor, prosecute, and deport Americans thought to be radicals. Intolerance during the war would cause Americans to fear immigrants and radicals afterward, and it would only take a little spark to cause full blown hysteria. The Bolshevik revolution in Russia only deepened Americans fears because they felt the same thing could happen on their soil. The labor unrest following the end of World War I would prove to be instrumental in igniting the fire that was the Red Scare of 1919. The years after the war were marked by economic turmoil and labor unrest. At first, laborers expected the good working conditions, a staple of the wartime economy, to continue after the war was over. The economy was in good shape because war time contracts had cased industry to boom. Labor was supported by the government during the war in order to keep production levels high. After the war ended, however, contracts were canceled, which caused rising unemployment, and managers stopped cooperating with labor. Also, the cost of living had risen 99% by 1919 because of inflation. Without government support, labor unions began to strike in order to recapture the gains they had made during the war. One such strike took place in Seattle and involved sixty thousand workers (Painter, 346). Soon, this strike and others were labeled as a communist effort to undermine the American economy. The cycle of hysteria had begun. Labor unions were seen as Bolshevik sponsored organizations, and union members were labeled as communists. America began to become afraid because they saw there way of life slipping away. This fear would soon turn into action. The fear of radicalism stemmed, as stated earlier, from the era of intolerance during World War I. Propaganda techniques that once united the American public against Germany and hyphenated Americans during the war were easily converted into an instrument to cast a negative light on Bolsheviks. After all, America was not happy with Russia leaving the war and instituting a form of economy that was directly opposite of capitalism. Bolsheviks, therefore, were seen as a threat to democracy. Likewise, the forming of the Communist International was seen as an attempt to spread communism throughout the world. People felt insecure after the war, and this feeling was only bolstered by the idea that communists were working to overthrow the American economy and government. When a series of mail bombs were discovered, one of which exploding at Attorney General Palmers home, they were labeled as a communist effort to undermine America. The Red Scare of 1919 had begun. Labor unions were hardest hit. However, anyone seen as radical was persecuted and labeled a red. Elected officials who were members of the socialist party  were dismissed from office. In fact, the New York State Assembly dismissed five elected socialists. However, the most vivid example of the extent of the scare is illustrated by the Palmer raids, in which six thousand people were arrested and five hundred were deported. There were very few Communists in the United States in 1919, yet Palmer viewed them as a huge threat. Encouraged by Congress, Palmer began a series of showy and well publicized raids against radicals and leftists. Striking without warning and without warrants, Palmers men smashed union offices and the headquarters of Communist and Socialist organizations. They concentrated, whenever possible, on aliens rather than citizens, because aliens had fewer rights. As quickly as it had began, the Red Scare of 1919 ended. Although the hysteria had subsided, consequences still arose. The scare, as well as the raids, was seen as unproductive. Of the numerous arrests made in association with the scare, only a small percent of the suspected communists were deported. Therefore, government persecution of subversives only stopped because it was not working as well as hoped, yet the fear and hatred of radicals was still looming in the distance. It would again resurface in the 1950s during the McCarthy era when another Red Scare, more organized and brutal, would take place. America had learned how to deal with reds, and these lessons would be effectively applied in the next crusade against communism in America. Finally, a more visible and immediate consequence of the Red Scare of 1919 was the mass fear of immigration that took place afterwards. The highly visual raids by Palmer had a deep effect on Americans because the raids exposed the enemy. Restrictions and quotas were placed on immigration, especially on those people coming from Eastern Europe. Fear of communists turned into hatred of immigrants, and American citizens would have a hard time excepting new arrivals. In many cases, immigrants were automatically labeled as subversives, anarchists, and communists. The association between immigrants and social upheaval would have a negative effect on American immigrants in the years to come, a fact most vividly portrayed through the trial of Sacco and Venzetti. Also, for many years to come, unions were seen in a negative light. The association of communism with unions would continue  to be a hindrance for labor and the advancement of labor reforms.

The Blessed Sacraments Of Catholic And Christian Religion

The Blessed Sacraments Of Catholic And Christian Religion The Blessed Sacraments each of them very vital to Catholics and Christians, either as an element of personal spiritual growth or in terms of their significance to the church as a whole, and a lane on the road to God. These sacraments are ceremonial and point to what is sacred, significant and vital for Christians. There are seven Sacraments according to the Roman Catholic Church Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance or Reconciliation, Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony (Marriage) and Holy Orders; these were designed to reinforce an individuals connection with God. The word sacrament comes from the Latin word Sacramentum, which means a sign of the sacred, and can be translated as mystery. o Sacraments of Initiation: Baptism, Confirmation, and Eucharist o Sacraments of Healing: Reconciliation or Penance, and Anointing of the sick o Sacraments of Service of Communion: Matrimony and Holy Orders Baptism Baptism is the first sacrament a Catholic/Christian receives. It begins a lifelong voyage of commitment and discipleship. Under the three sacraments of initiation, Baptism is the first. Before one can receive other sacraments, one must be baptized. The sacrament can only be received once in terms of its power to convey forgiveness of all sins, and can be received at any age. Eucharist The Eucharist is the main building block in the faith. This sacrament occurs when Catholics in good standing accept the body and blood of Jesus Christ, considered both a sacrifice and a meal, to bring them closer to God. This sacrament was initiated by Jesus, during the Last Supper that he shared with his disciples. Catholics believe that the sacrament, which must be celebrated by an ordained priest, starts by turning the bread and wine, to the body and blood of Christ during the blessing and in the true presence of Jesus, who died for our sins. Confirmation Confirmation is the third sacrament under the initiation sacraments. Although one may already have the Holy Spirit inside them, this sacrament helps one to use the Spirit within them and recognize its presence. After one is confirmed they are considered a mature individual to the faith to the people of their faith and church. One has the responsibility to the faith and to their church. The sacrament of confirmation is normally administered by the Bishop; on the other hand due to certain conditions the Bishop could assign a priest to administer the confirmation services in his absents. Those being confirmed, t sacrament shows sharing of the Holy Spirit with the laying on of hands. Penance This sacrament is called by three names, confession, reconciliation, and penance. Each of these reflect one element of the sacrament. This is called confession; since one must identify and confess ones sins. One must admit they have done something immoral and are willing to take penance for. This is also is called penance because one must do something to make up for their sins. It shows that they have owned up to ones sin and are ready to strive to do better. This is called reconciliation; since one must be willing to reconcile with God and those they have wronged. The third and last is the sacrament of Penance, which restores the gift of Gods grace to one. Matrimony The sacrament of matrimony (marriage), is when a man and woman take the vows of faithfulness for one another through marriage in the eyes of all Christians. The married couple shows their marriage as a way they can live out their Christian baptismal faith. Catholics and most Christian marriages comprise of three key characteristics: their everlasting obligation to one another, their unconditional love and care for one another, and intention to have and care for children. Holy Orders The sacrament of Holy Orders (Ordination) is when a Bishop, Priest, or Deacon is the ordained, and who vows to lead other Catholics or Christians by bringing them the sacraments, by proclaiming the Gospel, and by providing other means to holiness (especially the Eucharist). The Holy Orders provides these individuals who are called upon to assist others the opportunity to do that with serving others onto their sacred journey. This provides them the power to execute certain sacraments and rituals in the Catholic faith. Anointing of the Sick Anointing of the Sick (formally known as the Last Rites) is the sacrament that gives individuals who are suffering help. This may heal them or provide them the grace and power they need to tolerate their illness and make penance with God. Under this sacrament, the priest uses his hands on the forehead, nostrils, cheeks, lips, breast, palms of both hands, and the back of the hands (known to some as motion of lying of the hands). Then the priest speaks the words from the prayer of the gospel for behalf of the sick along with the blessing of anointing with oil; to bring the sick closer to understanding their belief and journey at that present moment in time with God. Also, this sacrament celebrates the resurrection in several ways. This helps the person to be less scared on whats to happen or whats to come if they were to pass on. A sacrament gives grace of and by itself, by the power it possesses. Jesus attached grace to the outward sign, so that that outward sign and grace go together. The blessed sacraments are quite amazing: these are everyday signs of Gods personal work. Gods wisdom showed his grace in a noticeable way to provide all of us the quieting belief when one receives grace, when he provided it. And Christ gave us several wonderful gifts. And in his sacraments, he continues to supply those gifts to us, away from all measures, at any time we require them. The Orthodox and Anglican traditions also practice all seven sacraments. Other Christian denominations only celebrate baptism and communion.

Earthquakes Essay -- Natural Science

Earthquakes Throughout history, man has made many advancements. These advancements have been made to make life easier. The one thing man can't do is to control Mother Nature. Mother Nature can cause many things such as earthquakes. The causes of earthquakes have been theorized in many ways. According to the book Predicting Earthquakes by Gregory Vogt, the Greeks, "blamed the earthquakes on Poseidon, god of the sea"(25). The Hindu believed that "the earth was a platform that rested on the back of eight great elephants. When one of the elephants grew weary, it lowered and shook its head causing the ground above to tremble"(Vogt 25). Margaret Poynter writes "many primitive people thought that the earth rested upon the back of some sort of animal. When that animal became restless, great cracks appeared in the ground, and tall trees swayed and fell. In South America, the animal was a whale. In Japan, it was a great black spider or giant catfish. One ancient tribe thought that four bulls supported the earth on their horns. To amuse themselves, they sometimes tossed it from one to another"(6). In the same book, Poynter says "The Chinese believed that monsters lived in the caves inside the earth. When the creatures fought, the surface of the earth trembled (6)." "In Greece, it was not an animal, but a titan named Atlas who was condemned to support the world upon his shoulders. Later, about the third century B.C., a Greek philosopher, Aristotle, had a more scientific explanation. He thought that earthquakes occurred only when hot air masses tried to escape from the center of the earth. Two centuries later, Lucretius, a Roman, wrote that underground landslides caused the earth's surface to move"(Poynter 7).2 Today, scientists have found a more logical reason to earthquakes. Scientists say almost 600 million years ago, all the continents were connected to form a huge super continent called Pangaea. At about 220 million years ago, Pangaea began to break up into sub-blocks. According to the book Volcanoes, Earthquakes, and the Formation of Continents, these sub-blocks were called "Gondwana (which corresponds approximately to the continents of the present southern hemisphere) and Laurasia (the northern hemisphere)" (Kohler 15). According to Pierre Kohler, "The earth's surface is divided into 13 plates: seven large ones (the largest corresponding to the Pa... ...te long-term predictions of where earthquakes will occur. They know, for example, that about 80 percent of the world's major earthquakes happen along a belt encircling the Pacific Ocean. This belt is sometimes called the Ring of Fire because it has many volcanoes, earthquakes, and other geologic activity" (Earthquakes; Karen C. McNally 38). WORKS CITED Aylesworth, Thomas G. Geological Disasters "Franklin Watts" 1979: 14-15. The New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia "Grolier Electronic Publishing Inc." 1993: No Johnson, Thomas P. When Nature Runs Wild "Creative Education Press" 1986: 12-14. Kohler, Pierre Volcanoes Earthquakes and the Formation of Continents "Barron's Educational Series, Inc." 1987: 14-22. Marcus, Rebecca B. The First Book of Volcanoes & Earthquakes "Franklin Watts, Inc." 1972: 62-64. Poynter, Margaret Earthquakes "Enslow Publishers, Inc." 1990: 6-7. Putnam, William C. Geology "Oxford University Press" 1964: 439-450. Vogt, Gregory Predicting Earthquakes "Franklin Watts" 1989: 24-25. Walker, Bryce Earthquakes "Time Life Books" 1982: 94-100. Karen C. McNally Earthquakes World Book Encyclopedia "World Book Inc." 1994: 38-39.

The Fantasy of Out of Africa vs. the Reality of Ngugis A Grain of Whea

The Fantasy of Out of Africa vs. the Reality of Ngugi's A Grain of Wheat Both the film and the book versions of Out of Africa portray life in Africa as being a haven for European colonists. In these works, Africa was a beautiful land to move to where the Europeans could live like â€Å"royalty† in a sense. Their money went a lot further, and they could have African servants do all the work and chores for them. These African peoples adored the white settlers, and would peacefully work for them for very low wages. However, this view of Africa during colonial times is not accurate. The Africans did not always adore the Europeans; they were not happy to have their lands taken from them; and they did not usually accept the exploitation peacefully. This point is illustrated, for example, in Ngugi's A Grain of Wheat which reflects on the Mau Mau rebellion which led to the Kenyan independence in 1963. The film Out of Africa creates an Africa where a white person, such as Karen Dinesen, could move to and live happily, for a while anyway. Granted this is a movie, but it is based on the autobiography of Karen Dinesen. The film shows Karen moving to Kenya in about 1913 where she was happily greeted by her many African servants who were awaiting her. With her she has all of her lovely, expensive possessions that go well in her beautiful farmhouse. Karen and the rest of the white colonists are shown to have lives that are all play and no work. They sit about while the servants wait on them hand and foot, or they go out on safaris to see the countryside and wild animals. The image that the audience receives creates a dream world for them. It does not have any indication of violence between the colonists and the Africans. The book Out of ... ...r, it is not entirely realistic in its portrayal of colonialism. Karen Dinesen wrote her story how she wanted to see it. I am sure her life was as she wrote it to be, but I do not think that she took in to account the treatment of the Africans. I do not think that she intended to write of those aspects of colonialism. In my opinion, she want to share with the world the greatness of Africa as she saw it. A Grain of Wheat was written to share with people the violence of the colonialism. The hardships endured by those colonized was meant to be brought out to the audience. These two pieces of literature were written for different reasons: one to show a wealthy white woman’s life in Africa as she saw it, and the other to show the violence brought about by the colonization of Africa. Works Cited Fanon, Frantz. The Wretched of the Earth. (New York: Grove Press)1963.

Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank

A report submitted to the Department of English in part-fulfillment of the requirements of the Final Examinations in Business Communications, Fall 2008 Prepared and submitted by SUNSHINE Section: c Tazrin Mst. Nazia Zohora Fatema tuz Islam Md. Atikul Miah Abu Kausar Course teacher Professor Faizur Rashed Gullu Date of submission 4 December 2008 North Global University of Dhaka Page 1 of 25 4 December 2008 Prof.Faizur Rashed Gullu Course Instructor Business Communication North Global University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of our report Dear sir, We have the pleasure to submit our report titled ‘Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’. This was a good opportunity for us to understand and deal with the problem. The study was aimed at knowing the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communicatio n system which will increase our knowledge and experience.They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. We once again thank you for giving us the chance to do the report. Yours sincerely, Zohora Fatema tuz 08-10489-1 Tazrin Mst. Nazia 07-08937-2 Islam Md. Atikul 07-09137-2 Miah Abu Kausar 07-08446-2 Page 2 of 25 Preface This report is made based on the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. Based on case study of some employees of Standard Chartered Bank, the report was made.This report contains the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. It also has some suggestions for the Standard Chartered Bank to make their communication process more effective and to make their organization’s performance better. This report has some concept of communication, the process of communication, communication channel, mass communication, communication bar riers, altogether, the concept of organizational communication. And the implications of them in The Standard Chartered Bank that if they are using them properly and what should be done if they are not using them properlyPage 3 of 25 Acknowledgement At first, we take the opportunity to thank The Almighty. Then we express our thanks to our department and authorities for granting us such opportunity in this level. We are very pleased to accomplish the assigned task given by our revered course instructor Prof. Faizur Rashed Gullu sir. While completing this report we faced different problems such as shortage of time, information, convincing the employees of the bank etc. But we have been able to overcome the problems with direct and indirect assistance from our course instructor. We are really thankful to him.Above all, we have to thank the people at the bank who provided us with valuable information, gave us their valuable time and helped us in every way possible. Finally, we are please d to complete the report on the given subject properly and authentically. Page 4 of 25 TABLE OF CONTENTS Forwarding letter Preface Acknowledgement Table of contents List of illustrations Abstract 1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 1. 7 1. 8 What is communication The process of communication Necessity of communication Barriers of communication Introduction of the organization Objectives Scope Research methodology 1. . 1 Sample 1. 8. 2 Case study 1. 9 Limitations Page no. i ii iii iv v vi 01 01 02 08 08 09 10 11 11 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 vii 2. 0 Organization of the report 2. 1 Case studies Case study 1 Case study 2 Case study 3 Findings 2. 2 3. 0 Conclusion 4. 0 Recommendation Bibliography Page 5 of 25 List of illustrations Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Page-4 Page-6 Page 6 of 25 Abstract The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. No groups can exist without communication: the transference of meaning among its members.It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. There are three types of communication: upward, downward, lateral. The study was aimed to know the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank. If any lacking is found, the organization will be able to improve performance. The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system which will increase our knowledge and experience.The study has been done with the method case study. The study was done with the help of random sampling. The sample size of the study was 3. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. By removing the communication barriers between higher level managers and lower level managers they can do it better. They should enrich their formal communication system. We think that after doing these things they will be improved. Page 7 of 25 1. 0 Chapter 1 : Introduction 1. 1 What is communication? The transference and understanding of meaning is communication. Communication is more than merely imparting meaning.It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and another one do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore must include both the transference and understanding of meaning. Research indicates that poor communication is probably the most frequently cited source of interpersonal conflict. Because individuals spend nearly 70 percent of their walking hour’s communicating-writing, reading, speaking, listening-it seems reasonable to conclude that one of the most inhibiting forces to successful group performance is a lack of effective communication.No groups can exist without communication: the t ransference of meaning among its members. It is only through transmitting meaning from one person to another that information that information and ideas can be conveyed. Communication, however, is more than merely imparting meaning. It must also be understood. In a group in which one member speaks only German and the others do not know German, the individual speaking German will not be fully understood. Therefore, communication must include both the transference and the understanding of meaning.An idea, no matter how great, is useless until it is transmitted and understood by others. Perfect communication, if there were such a thing, would exist when a thought or an idea was transmitted so that the mental picture perceived by the receiver was exactly the same as that envisioned by the sender. Page 8 of 25 Communication serves four major functions within a group or organization: control, motivation, emotional expression, and information. 1. Control member behavior. 2. Foster motivati on for what is to be done. 3. Provide a release for emotional expression. 4. Provide information needed to make decisions. . 2 The process of communication Before making too many generalizations concerning communication and problems in communicating effectively, it is needed to know the level of communication and communication process 1. 2. 1 Levels of Communication: †¢ Intrapersonal Top level management mainly takes internal decision, so internal decision depends on them on many sectors †¢ Interpersonal Middle level managers are sometimes allowed to make some effective organizational decision †¢ Extra personal Communication between human & nonhuman being †¢ Organizational In organization higher level employees take decision.In this bank most of the decisions are taken by top level management †¢ Formal Language Those languages which are used inside office. In this bank they usually use to talk one another they simply use brother or sister. †¢ Cross-cult ural In a cross-culture there are two divisions high and low context Page 9 of 25 †¢ Mass: Print Media Electronics Media Organizational Website Before communication can take place, a purpose, expressed as a message to be conveyed, is needed. It passes between a sender and a receiver. The message is encoded and passed by a way of some medium to the receiver, who decodes the message initiated by the sender.The result is transference of meaning from one person to another person. The key parts of the communication process are (1) the sender (2) encoding (3) the channel (4) decoding (5) the receiver (6) feedback. The sender initiates a message by encoding a thought. The message is the actual physical product from the senders encoding. When we speak, the speech is the message. When we write, the writing is the message. When we gesture the movement of our arms and the expression of our face are the message. The channel is the medium through which the message travels.It is selected by the sender, who must determine whether to use a formal or informal channel. Formal channel are established by the organization and transmit message that are related to the professional activities of members. Other forms of message, such as personal or social, follow the informal channel in the organization. These informal channels are spontaneous and emerge as a response to individual choices. The receiver is the object to whom the message is directed. But before the message is received, the symbol in it must be translated into a form that can be understood by the receiver.The step is the decoding of the message. Noises represent communication barriers that distort the clarity of the message. Examples of possible noise sources include perceptual problems, information overload, semantic difficulties, or cultural difference. The final link in the communication process is a feedback loop. Feedback is the check on how successful we have been in transferring our message as original inten ded. It determines whether understanding has been achieved. Page 10 of 25 The communication process model: Figure 1. 1 The basic communication process Communication can flow vertically or laterally.The vertical dimension can be further divided into downward and upward directions. 1. 2. 2 Downward communication Upper level managers are friendly communal to the down level employees. Top level management directly gives any kinds of instruction to the down level manager are called downward communication. Smoothly working down level communication must have needed. Communication that flows from one level of a group or organization to a lower level is a downward communication. When we think of managers communicating with employees, the downward pattern is the one we are usually thinking of.It’s used by group leader and managers to assign goals, providing job instructions, inform employees of policies and procedures, point out problems that need attention and offer feedback about per formance. But downward communication does not have to be oral or face to face contact. When management sends letter to their employees home to advise them of the organizations new sick leave policy, it’s using downward communication. Page 11 of 25 From the team leader to the member of her team, reminding them of an upcoming deadline, is also downward communication 1. 2. 3 Upward communicationGround level officers communicate with the mid-level managers. Mid-level manager communicate with their Divisional Directors. Employees can frankly communicate with upper level managers. When communicated with the Upper level all over observing the rules & regulation. Upward communication flows to a higher level in the group of organization. It’s used to provide feedback to higher–ups, inform them of progress toward goal and really current problems. Upward communication keeps managers aware of how employees feel about their jobs, coworkers and the organization in general.Man agers also rely on upward communication for ideas on how things can be improved. Some organizational examples of upward communication are performance reports prepared by lower level of management for review by middle and top management. Suggestion box, employee attitude surveys, superior – subordinate discussion, and informal ‘gripe’ sessions in which employees have the opportunity to identify and discuss problems with their boss or representative of higher management. 1. 2. 3 Lateral communication Similar level employers also well communicated. Employees freely communicate with colleague’s very casual language, normal behavior.Grapevine is strictly prohibited Political conversation is restricted When communication take place among member of the same work group, among members of work groups at the same level, among managers at the same level or among any horizontally equivalent personal we describe it as lateral communication. Page 12 of 25 Lateral communi cations are often necessary to save time and facilitate coordination. In some case, these lateral relationships are formally sanctioned. More often they are informally created to a short circuit the vertical hierarchy and expedite action.So lateral communication can from management’s view point, be good or bad. Lateral communication can be beneficial, in such case they occur with the knowledge and support of superiors. 1. 2. 4 Crosswise communication Top level management can communicate directly with the ground level. Monthly performance review meeting. Everybody can communicate with everybody in this organization Figure 1. 2 Flow of communications Communication Channel Communication channel means the way of transmitted any kinds of information about this organization. Page 13 of 25 There are two types of communications: a. b.Internal communication channel External communication channel. †¢ Internal communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, Intercom, Meeting, Presentation , Face to face, meeting (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice †¢ External Communications are: (a) Oral: Telephone, intercom, Meeting, Presentation, Face to face meeting, Press Briefing (b) Written: Memo, report, graph, e-mail, letter, notice, invitation, annual report, leaflet 1. 3 Necessity of communication The communication shortcoming of employees and the importance of communication in business explain why one should work to improve communication skills.Whatever position one has in business, performance will be judged largely by his/her ability to communicate. If one can communicate well, he/she is likely to be rewarded with advancement. And higher the advancement, more necessity of communication ability. The evidence is clear; improving communication skills improves chances for success in business. Communication is very much important in business; businesses want and need people with good communication skills. Evidence of the importance of communication i n business is found in numerous surveys of executives, recruiters and academicians conducted in recent years.Without exception, these surveys found communication ranking at or near the top of the business skills needed for success. Page 14 of 25 1. 4 Barriers of communication A number of barriers can retard or distort effective communication. Some causes for barriers are, purposely manipulating information for getting more favor, presenting the information based on personal understandings etc. Barriers are 3 types: 1. Intrapersonal 2. Interpersonal 3. Organizational 1. Intrapersonal barriers: Wrong assumptions Varied perceptions Differing background 2. Interpersonal arriers: Limited vocabulary Incongruity of verbal and nonverbal messages Communication selectivity 3. Organizational barriers: Information overload Emotions Language 1. 5 Introduction of the organization Standard Chartered Bank started its business in Bangladesh in 1948, opening its first branch in the port city of Chitt agong. The bank increasingly invested in people, technology and premises as its business grew in relation to the country’s thriving Page 15 of 25 economy. At present the bank has 6 offices in Dhaka Chittagong and Sylhet, including the country’s only offshore banking unit inside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone at Savar.Extensive knowledge of the market and essential expertise in a wide range of financial services underline our strength to build business opportunities for corporate and institutional clients at home and abroad. Continuous upgrading of technology and control systems has enabled the bank of offer new services, which include unique ATMs and Phone banking. Standard Chartered’s services in Bangladesh, ranges from Personal & Corporate Banking to Institutional Banking, Treasury and Custodial services. 1. 6 Objectives The study was aimed at the following objectives: A.Primary objective: To learn about the communication structure of Standard Chartered Bank B. Secondary objectives: To identify the communication strategies of Standard Chartered Bank To find out the internal communication barriers (if any) of Standard Chartered Bank To find out their awareness level of the barriers To suggest remedies for improvement To find out the mass communication style or strategies To found out the impact of gender differences inside the organization To find out the impact of cultural differences inside the organization 1. Scope After making the report some benefits will be there for both the organization and us. Page 16 of 25 17. 1 Scope for Standard Chartered Bank: If any lacking is found in their organization the management will find a way to solve their problem after studying our report. They will be able to make their organization’s system of communication more effective and the organization will be able to improve performance. 17. 2 Scope for the researchers: The study will find a chance to know the system of the organization and its communication system very well which will increase our knowledge and experience.Thus it will help building our career. 1. 8 Research methodology of the report Report is a place of factual writing based on evidence, containing organized information on particular topic o Formal in nature and written for specific audience o Discusses the topic at depth and contains conclusions and recommendations if required The study has been done with the method case study. Rather than using samples and following a rigid protocol to examine limited number of variables, case study methods involve an in-depth, longitudinal examination of a single instance or event: a case.They provide a systematic way of looking at events, collecting data, analyzing information, and reporting the results. As a result the researcher may gain a sharpened understanding of why the instance happened as it did, and what might become important to look at more extensively in future research. Case studies lend themselves to bot h generating and testing hypotheses. As we did not have sufficient time to go for questionnaire survey, we followed the method case study. Page 17 of 25 1. 8. Sample Small segment of the total population which is considered to be the representative of the total population is called the samples and the process through which the samples are selected is called sampling or sampling procedure. There are two types of sampling: 1. Random: To take the interview of the person available 2. Purposive: To take interview of people whom one wants to The study was done with the help of random sampling as because purposive sampling was not possible due to unavailability. The sample size of the study was 3. 1. 8. 2 Case study We took face to face interviews.We went to Standard Chartered Bank Islamic Banking Centre Branch which is situated in Gulshan Avenue. We talked to the three people of personal loan section individually. We asked them the same questions and got answers. After getting their answe rs we organized the three cases and studied the cases to reach the decision. 1. 9 Limitations The study was done in a very short time when we and the employees of The Standard Chartered Bank both were very busy. They at first denied talking to us but after assuring that minimum time of them will be taken they agreed to meet.So, we were unable to ask them many questions which might be important for the valuation and proper conclusion of the report. Page 18 of 25 2. 0 Chapter 2 : Presentation of Cases We did three case studies based on the three interviews of the employees of Standard Chartered Bank. The cases are given below: Case study 1 Md. Sajjadur Rahman Product marketing officer B. Sc. & M . Sc. in Mathematics Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division He works in standard charted bank for two years before coming here he worked as a marketing officer in HSBC bank for two years.In this study they said their all communications is face to face. They contact with their higher level bo ss with e-mail and they also said they contact their immediate boss face to face. When they send any e-mail to their boss it just like a SMS there are no unnecessary thighs there. But when they send any e-mail to their boss its takes time to get the reply . In this study they also said they call their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There is no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization.In this study we also see that they follow the communication channels are up ward, down ward and lateral. Most of time they use the verbal communication to their employees and it is face to face. He also said there is no non verbal communication use their company. But sometime they use only e-mail for their boss in urgent situation. Some time they go for tour in different countries but every one does not get chance. The person who fill a minimum credits only they can join the tour. In 2006 he tour in Thailand. He is satisfied of there communication style. Page 19 of 25Case study 2 A. M. Sadeeque Hassan Product Marketing Officer BBA, MBA Major in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said there are very little bit barrier to their company for example they do not call their boss with unsuitable time. Higher level boss reply their e-mail very late. In this study we also known female are more active than male. Even female work on Friday when male are relax there time by visiting or gossiping. In last month one female are getting award by doing her best performance. She process 454 file in one month.It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays a significant role in communication process. There are also some internal communications to employ to employ like face to face, telephone, mobile. He was also fill the credits as a result he could join the tour of Thailand in 2006 . He is also satisfied of there communication style. Case study 3 Md. Fayssal Hossain Assistant Product Marketing officer Honors Masters in Marketing Unsecured loan consumer Banking Division In this study they said that they can talk to their higher level authority direct face to face or phone. There are also down ward, upper ward and horizontal communication.In standard charted bank all work has been done by group work and every group join as a team. There are a leader of each team and all the group follow the leader. Page 20 of 25 Some time they arrange picnic or party and the entire members attend the party or picnic. It helps to communicate with other and remove the communication barriers with upper level and lower level employees. In this time boss are free with their employees. That recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship He was also filling the credits as a result he could join the tour of last year in china with there official tour.He is also satisfied with there Communication style. Page 21 of 25 3. 0 Chapter 3: Analysis After studying the cases we came to know about the org anization’s communication structure. Their communication style is very rich. They have very effective communication system. All of them agreed with their answers. That symbolizes their unity and effectiveness of communication. They all agreed that their organization follows face to face communication most of the time. Telephone is also a main communicating element. Oral communication is used more that’s why they are freer.They use face to face communication they also said their male employees as brother and female employees as sister. There are no sir or madam addressing through the whole organization. Most of the time they use the verbal communication There is also downward, upward, and horizontal communication. It is a friendly work environment as a result it plays an important role in the whole communication process. Some time the organization arrange picnic or party the entire member attend the party. The recreation system is effective for better employee employer relationship.Some they go for tour in different countries. Although they are satisfied with their communication style but still there are some barriers to communicate with their higher level boss. Their formal communication style is not perfect through which they communicate with their boss. Page 22 of 25 4. 0 Chapter 4 : Conclusion The report on ‘The Communication Structure of Standard Chartered Bank’ was very useful to us for our experience. We came to know about the communication structure of a renowned organization. Their communication style is very rich.They have very effective communication system. The communication style of every public organization should follow the structure. We are grateful to our course instructor for giving us such an opportunity to do the report and enrich to our knowledge to a great extent. Page 23 of 25 5. 0 Chapter 5 : Recommendations Based on our findings, we now recommend the following†¢ They should remove the communication barrie rs between higher level managers and lower level managers †¢ Their men should work equal to their women †¢ They should enrich their formal communication styleBibliography Raman, M. , & Sharma, S. (2004). Technical Communication: Principles and Practice. New Delhi: Oxford University Press Research. (2007). Retrieved on December 3, 2008 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Research Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2007).Organizational Behavior. New Delhi: Prentice Hall. StandardChartered Bank (2004). Retrieved on 3rd December 2008 from http://www. standardchartered. com/bd/ Page 25 of 25